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	Author	Krueger, K.
	Title	Behaviour of horses in the “round pen technique”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	104	Issue	1-2	Pages	162-170
	Keywords	Learning; Dominance relationship; Horse; Human-animal relationships
	Abstract	I investigated the behavioural background of the way horses learn to follow humans in the “round pen technique” suggested by “horse whisperers” as a gentle method for initial horse training. Though the practicability of this technique has been adequately demonstrated in the past, the horses' behaviour during such training has not yet been documented in detail. In a riding arena, horses, that did not follow the trainer immediately, were chased away so that they galloped around the trainer. Galloping horses showed specific behaviour such as turning the ear to the trainer, chewing, licking, and stretching head and throat downwards. In subsequent trials horses needed to be chased for less time and finally followed immediately, even when conditions were changed or the trainer was replaced by another person. This suggests that horses learn to follow in this particular situation and also show some generalisation. However, following did not occur on a pasture even after several successful trials in the riding arena.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	280
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	Author	Croney, C.C.; Prince-Kelly, N.; Meller, C.L.
	Title	A note on social dominance and learning ability in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	105	Issue	1-3	Pages	254-259
	Keywords	Chickens; Learning; Dominance
	Abstract	Relatively little is known about the relationship between social behavior and specific cognitive abilities of the chicken. It is uncertain whether dominant birds have a cognitive advantage over subordinate birds that might facilitate their superior position in the social hierarchy. Likewise, it is unknown whether subordinate birds compete successfully with higher ranking birds because their cognitive capacities compensate for physical deficits. In this study, the relationship between the chicken's position in the dominance hierarchy and its performance on a cognitive task was explored. Ten pairs of New Hampshire domestic roosters (Gallus gallus) were observed to determine dominance or subordinance within dyads. All birds were then trained and tested on a visual discrimination learning task. Discriminative stimuli were orange and green plastic discs. Correct stimuli (orange or green) were randomly assigned to birds. Placement of the discs (left or right of center) was also randomly assigned and counterbalanced to avoid a side bias. Birds were rewarded with food for pecking at the correct disc. Criterion for task completion was 80% correct responses on three consecutive test sessions or 86% correct on two consecutive sessions. All subjects met the test criterion. The number of trials to criterion was compared between dominant and subordinate birds using a paired t-test. No difference was found in performance between dominant and subordinate birds (p > 0.05) suggesting that in chickens, ability to learn a novel visual discrimination task is not well correlated with rank. Additional studies, particularly using different learning paradigms, are needed to confirm these results.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	284
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	Author	Heitor, F.; do Mar Oom, M.; Vicente, L.
	Title	Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses Part I. Correlates of social dominance and contexts of aggression			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	73	Issue	2	Pages	170-177
	Keywords	Age Factors; Aggression; Animals; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses/psychology; Male; Sex Factors; Social Dominance; *Social Environment; Statistics, Nonparametric
	Abstract	Factors related to dominance rank and the functions of aggression were studied in a herd of Sorraia horses, Equus caballus, under extensive management. Subjects were 10 adult mares 5-18 years old and a stallion introduced into the group for breeding. Dominance relationships among mares were clear, irrespective of rank difference, and remained stable after introduction of the stallion. The dominance hierarchy was significantly linear and rank was positively correlated with age and total aggressiveness. Higher-ranking mares received lower frequency and intensity of agonistic interactions. Nevertheless, higher-ranking dominants were not more likely to elicit submission from their subordinates than lower-ranking dominants. Neither close-ranking mares nor mares with less clear dominance relationships were more aggressive towards each other. Agonistic interactions seemed to be used more importantly in regulation of space than to obtain access to food or to reassert dominance relationships. Contexts of aggression were related to mare rank. The results suggest that dominance relationships based on age as a conventional criterion were established to reduce aggressiveness in a herd where the costs of aggression are likely to outweigh the benefits.
	Address	Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Edificio C2, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16815645			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	292
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	Author	Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R.; Smuts, B.
	Title	Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	234	Issue	4782	Pages	1361-1366
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Female; Male; Pair Bond; Primates/physiology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Perception
	Abstract	Complex social relationships among nonhuman primates appear to contribute to individual reproductive success. Experiments with and behavioral observations of natural populations suggest that sophisticated cognitive mechanisms may underlie primate social relationships. Similar capacities are usually less apparent in the nonsocial realm, supporting the view that at least some aspects of primate intelligence evolved to solve the challenges of interacting with conspecifics.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:3538419			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	349
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	Author	Paz-y-Miño C. G.; Bond, A.B.; Kamil, A.C.; Balda, R.P.
	Title	Pinyon jays use transitive inference to predict social dominance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	430	Issue	7001	Pages	778-781
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Group Structure; Male; Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology
	Abstract	Living in large, stable social groups is often considered to favour the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities, such as recognizing group members, tracking their social status and inferring relationships among them. An individual's place in the social order can be learned through direct interactions with others, but conflicts can be time-consuming and even injurious. Because the number of possible pairwise interactions increases rapidly with group size, members of large social groups will benefit if they can make judgments about relationships on the basis of indirect evidence. Transitive reasoning should therefore be particularly important for social individuals, allowing assessment of relationships from observations of interactions among others. Although a variety of studies have suggested that transitive inference may be used in social settings, the phenomenon has not been demonstrated under controlled conditions in animals. Here we show that highly social pinyon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) draw sophisticated inferences about their own dominance status relative to that of strangers that they have observed interacting with known individuals. These results directly demonstrate that animals use transitive inference in social settings and imply that such cognitive capabilities are widespread among social species.
	Address	Center for Avian Cognition, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15306809			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @; Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	352
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Cognitive science: rank inferred by reason			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Nature	Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	430	Issue	7001	Pages	732-733
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition/physiology; Group Structure; Male; Social Dominance; Songbirds/*physiology
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15306792			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	365
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	Author	Hogue, M.-E.; Beaugrand, J.P.; Lague, P.C.
	Title	Coherent use of information by hens observing their former dominant defeating or being defeated by a stranger			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	38	Issue	3	Pages	241-252
	Keywords	Domestic fowl; Dominance; Hierarchy formation; Observation; Transitive inference
	Abstract	This study examines the role of observation during the formation of triads in female domestic hens. Results indicate that during hierarchy formation, a hen observing agonistic interactions and conflict settlement between its former dominant and a stranger uses this information when in turn confronted by the latter. Under a first condition (E, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed their prior dominant being defeated by a stranger before being introduced to them. In a second condition (C1, N = 16 triads), bystanders witnessed the victory of their prior dominant over a stranger. In a third condition (C2, N = 15 triads), bystanders witnessed two strangers establishing a dominance relationship before being introduced to their prior dominant and to a stranger the former had just defeated. The behavioural strategies of bystanders depended on the issue of the conflict they had witnessed. Bystanders of the E condition behaved as having no chance of defeating the stranger. They never initiated an attack against it, and upon being attacked, readily submitted in turn to the stranger. On the contrary, bystanders of the C1 condition behaved as having some chances against the stranger. They initiated attacks in 50% of cases, and won 50% of conflicts against the stranger. Under condition C2, bystanders first initiated contact with the strangers in only 27% of cases, which approximates the average of their chances for defeating the stranger. However, bystanders finally defeated the strangers in 40% of cases. These results suggest that bystanders of conditions E and C1 gained some information on the relationship existing between their prior dominant and the stranger and that they used it coherently, perhaps through transitive inference, thus contributing to the existence of transitive relationships within the triads. Alternate explanations are examined.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	396
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	Author	Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W.M.
	Title	A likely ranking interpolation for resolving dominance orders in systems with unknown relationships			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	143	Issue	7	Pages	909-930
	Keywords	DOMINANCE HIERARCHY; ALGORITH; SOCIAL AGONISTIC INTERACTIONS
	Abstract	n many animal systems agonistic interactions may be rare or not overt, particularly where such interactions are costly or of high risk as is common for large mammals. We present a technique developed specifically for resolving an optimized dominance order of individuals in systems with transitive (i.e. linear) dominance relationships, but where not all relationships are known. Our method augments the widely used I&SI method (de Vries, 1998) with an interpolation function for resolving the relative ranks of individuals with unknown relationships. Our method offers several advantages over other dominance methods by enabling the incorporation of any proportion of unknown relationships, resolving a unique solution to any dominance matrix, and calculating cardinal dominance strengths for each individual. As such, this method enables novel insight into difficult to study behavioural systems.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	438
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	Author	Broom, M.
	Title	A unified model of dominance hierarchy formation and maintenance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Journal of theoretical biology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Theor. Biol.
	Volume	219	Issue	1	Pages	63-72
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Models, Psychological; *Social Dominance; Social Environment
	Abstract	In many different species it is common for animals to spend large portions of their lives in groups. Such groups need to divide available resources amongst the individuals they contain and this is often achieved by means of a dominance hierarchy. Sometimes hierarchies are stable over a long period of time and new individuals slot into pre-determined positions, but there are many situations where this is not so and a hierarchy is formed out of a group of individuals meeting for the first time. There are several different models both of the formation of such dominance hierarchies and of already existing hierarchies. These models often treat the two phases as entirely separate, whereas in reality, if there is a genuine formation phase to the hierarchy, behaviour in this phase will be governed by the rewards available, which in turn depends upon how the hierarchy operates once it has been formed. This paper describes a method of unifying models of these two distinct phases, assuming that the hierarchy formed is stable. In particular a framework is introduced which allows a variety of different models of each of the two parts to be used in conjunction with each other, thus enabling a wide range of situations to be modelled. Some examples are given to show how this works in practice.
	Address	Centre for Statistics and Stochastic Modelling, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QH, U.K. m.broom@sussex.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5193	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12392975			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	439
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	Author	VanDierendonck, M.C.; de Vries, H.; Schilder, M.B.H.
	Title	An Analysis of Dominance, Its Behavioural Parameters and Possible Determinants in a Herd of Icelandic orses in Captivity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Netherlands Journal of Zoology	Abbreviated Journal	Netherl. J. Zool.
	Volume	45	Issue	3-4	Pages	362-385
	Keywords	Dominance; rank order; horses; Icelandic horses.
	Abstract	Th e applicability of the concept of dominance was investigated in a captive herd of  Icelandic horses and  ponies of diff erent breeds. Eight out of  behaviours possibly related to dominance occurred frequently enough to be investigated in detail. For these eight agonistic behaviours the coverage, the unidirectionality in the exchange, and the degree of transitivity (Landau`s linearity index) were calculated. Four off ensive behaviours, together with avoidance, were suitable for further analysis with regard to dominance. Th e patterns of asymmetries with which these behaviours were exchanged were suffi ciently similar as to justify the application of the dominance concept and to construct a (nearly) linear dominance hierarchy. Th e rank order of the castrated stallions was completely linear, the hierarchy of the mares was almost completely linear. Th e results suggest that off ensive and defensive aggressive behaviours should be treated separately and that the concept of dominance is applicable. However, ritualized formal dominance signals between adult horses appear to be (almost) absent. Th e rank positions of the individuals were correlated with age and residency in the herd but not with height. Middle ranking horses tended to be more frequently in the close vicinity of another horse than high ranking or low ranking horses. Over and above this correlation at the individual level, it was found that pairs of horses close in rank to each other were more often also spatially close to each other. Being in oestrus did not infl uence the dominance relationships between mares. For castrated stallions the rank positions were correlated with the age at which they were castrated. Th is suggests that in male horses experience prior to neutering infl uences the behaviour afterwards.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	440
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