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	Author	Schwartz, B.L.; Evans, S.
	Title	Episodic memory in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	American journal of primatology	Abbreviated Journal	Am. J. Primatol.
	Volume	55	Issue	2	Pages	71-85
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Hominidae/psychology; Humans; *Memory; Self Concept
	Abstract	Episodic memory refers to a system of memory with the capacity to recollect specific events from an individual's life. Some psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon. We challenge that idea and present evidence that great apes and other primates may possess episodic-like memory. We review criteria developed to assess episodic-like memory in nonhumans, and how they apply to primates. In particular, we discuss the criteria of Clayton et al. [2001], who stated that episodic-like memory is based on the retrieval of multiple and integrated components of an event. We then review eight studies examining memory in great apes and apply the Clayton et al. criteria to each of them. We summarize the evidence that is compatible with the existence of episodic-like memory, although none of the data completely satisfy the Clayton et al. criteria. Morover, feelings of pastness and feelings of confidence, which mark episodic memory in humans, have not been empirically addressed in nonhuman primates. Future studies should be directed at these aspects of memory in primates. We speculate on the functional significance of episodic memory in nonhuman primates.
	Address	Dept of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA. SchwartB@fiu.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0275-2565	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11668526			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4115
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	Author	Hirata, S.
	Title	A note on the responses of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) to live self-images on television monitors			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	75	Issue	1	Pages	85-90
	Keywords	Animals; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; *Self Concept; Self Psychology; Social Behavior; Television
	Abstract	The majority of studies on self-recognition in animals have been conducted using a mirror as the test device; little is known, however, about the responses of non-human primates toward their own images in media other than mirrors. This study provides preliminary data on the reactions of 10 chimpanzees to live self-images projected on two television monitors, each connected to a different video camera. Chimpanzees could see live images of their own faces, which were approximately life-sized, on one monitor. On the other monitor, they could see live images of their whole body, which were approximately one-fifth life-size, viewed diagonally from behind. In addition, several objects were introduced into the test situation. Out of 10 chimpanzees tested, 2 individuals performed self-exploratory behaviors while watching their own images on the monitors. One of these two chimpanzees successively picked up two of the provided objects in front of a monitor, and watched the images of these objects on the monitor. The results indicate that these chimpanzees were able to immediately recognize live images of themselves or objects on the monitors, even though several features of these images differed from those of their previous experience with mirrors.
	Address	Great Ape Research Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories Inc., Okayama, Japan. hirata@gari.be.to
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17324534			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4145
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	Author	Range, F.; Bugnyar, T.; Schlogl, C.; Kotrschal, K.
	Title	Individual and sex differences in learning abilities of ravens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	73	Issue	1	Pages	100-106
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Crows; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Exploratory Behavior/physiology; Female; Individuality; Male; Sex Factors; Spatial Behavior
	Abstract	Behavioral and physiological characteristics of individuals within the same species have been found to be stable across time and contexts. In this study, we investigated individual differences in learning abilities and object and social manipulation to test for consistency within individuals across different tasks. Individual ravens (Corvus corax) were tested in simple color and position discrimination tasks to establish their learning abilities. We found that males were significantly better in the acquisition of the first discrimination task and the object manipulation task, but not in any of the other tasks. Furthermore, faster learners engaged less often in manipulations of conspecifics and exploration of objects to get access to food. No relationship between object and social manipulation and reversal training were found. Our results suggest that individual differences in regard to the acquisition of new tasks may be related to personalities or at least object manipulation in ravens.
	Address	Konrad Lorenz Research Station, A-4645 Gruenau 11, Austria. friederike.range@univie.ac.at
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0376-6357	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16675158			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4146
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	Author	Salzen, E.A.; Cornell, J.M.
	Title	Self-perception and species recognition in birds			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1968	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	30	Issue	1	Pages	44-65
	Keywords	Animals; Birds; Color Perception; Discrimination Learning; Generalization, Response; Imprinting (Psychology); Perception; Self Concept; Social Isolation; *Species Specificity; Water
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-7959	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5644775			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4154
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	Author	Anderson, J.R.
	Title	Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	239-243
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/psychology; Female; Male; Orientation; Self Concept; Social Behavior; Television; *Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address	Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, CNRS URA 1295, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521263			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4163
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	Author	Marten, K.; Psarakos, S.
	Title	Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Consciousness and Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Conscious Cogn
	Volume	4	Issue	2	Pages	205-224
	Keywords	Animal Communication; Animals; Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/psychology; Female; Male; Self Concept; Social Behavior; Television; Visual Perception
	Abstract	In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior.
	Address	Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1053-8100	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8521259			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4164
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	Author	Agrillo, C.; Dadda, M.; Bisazza, A.
	Title	Quantity discrimination in female mosquitofish			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	63-70
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Cyprinodontiformes; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual
	Abstract	The ability in animals to count and represent different numbers of objects has received a great deal of attention in the past few decades. Cumulative evidence from comparative studies on number discriminations report obvious analogies among human babies, non-human primates and birds and are consistent with the hypothesis of two distinct and widespread mechanisms, one for counting small numbers (<4) precisely, and one for quantifying large numbers approximately. We investigated the ability to discriminate among different numerosities, in a distantly related species, the mosquitofish, by using the spontaneous choice of a gravid female to join large groups of females as protection from a sexually harassing male. In one experiment, we found that females were able to discriminate between two shoals with a 1:2 numerosity ratio (2 vs. 4, 4 vs. 8 and 8 vs. 16 fish) but failed to discriminate a 2:3 ratio (8 vs. 12 fish). In the second experiment, we studied the ability to discriminate between shoals that differed by one element; females were able to select the larger shoal when the paired numbers were 2 vs. 3 or 3 vs. 4 but not 4 vs. 5 or 5 vs. 6. Our study indicates that numerical abilities in fish are comparable with those of other non-verbal creatures studied; results are in agreement with the hypothesis of the existence of two distinct systems for quantity discrimination in vertebrates.
	Address	Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. christian.agrillo@unipd.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16868736			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	339
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	Author	Lazareva, O.F.; Smirnova, A.A.; Bagozkaja, M.S.; Zorina, Z.A.; Rayevsky, V.V.; Wasserman, E.A.
	Title	Transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	82	Issue	1	Pages	1-19
	Keywords	Animals; Association; Cognition/physiology; Crows; Discrimination (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Feedback; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Eight crows were taught to discriminate overlapping pairs of visual stimuli (A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E-). For 4 birds, the stimuli were colored cards with a circle of the same color on the reverse side whose diameter decreased from A to E (ordered feedback group). These circles were made available for comparison to potentially help the crows order the stimuli along a physical dimension. For the other 4 birds, the circles corresponding to the colored cards had the same diameter (constant feedback group). In later testing, a novel choice pair (BD) was presented. Reinforcement history involving stimuli B and D was controlled so that the reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios for the latter would be greater than for the former. If, during the BD test, the crows chose between stimuli according to these reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios, then they should prefer D; if they chose according to the diameter of the feedback stimuli, then they should prefer B. In the ordered feedback group, the crows strongly preferred B over D; in the constant feedback group, the crows' choice did not differ significantly from chance. These results, plus simulations using associative models, suggest that the orderability of the postchoice feedback stimuli is important for crows' transitive responding.
	Address	Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, Moscow State University. olga-lazareva@uiowa.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15484868			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	612
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	Author	Mader, D.R.; Price, E.O.
	Title	Discrimination learning in horses: effects of breed, age and social dominance			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	50	Issue	5	Pages	962-965
	Keywords	Aging; Animals; Discrimination Learning; Female; Horses/physiology; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	The discrimination learning ability of Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds was compared by means of visual cues in a three-choice test with food as a reward. Quarter Horses learned significantly faster than Thoroughbreds, and learning progressed more rapidly for both breeds in a second discrimination task. Significant negative correlations were observed between age and rate of learning. Quarter Horses tended to be less reactive than Thoroughbreds, but individual emotional reactivity ratings and learning scores were not correlated. No correlation was found between social dominance and learning scores. Learning studies with horses may provide a better understanding of the behavioral traits that influence trainability in this species.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7390949			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	679
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	Author	Caldwell, C.A.; Whiten, A.
	Title	Testing for social learning and imitation in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, using an artificial fruit			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	77-85
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Callithrix/psychology; Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; Fruit; Imitative Behavior; Male; *Social Behavior; Social Environment
	Abstract	We tested for social learning and imitation in common marmosets using an artificial foraging task and trained conspecific demonstrators. We trained a demonstrator marmoset to open an artificial fruit, providing a full demonstration of the task to be learned. Another marmoset provided a partial demonstration, controlling for stimulus enhancement effects, by eating food from the outside of the apparatus. We thus compared three observer groups, each consisting of four animals: those that received the full demonstration, those that received the partial demonstration, and a control group that saw no demonstration prior to testing. Although none of the observer marmosets succeeded in opening the artificial fruit during the test periods, there were clear effects of demonstration type. Those that saw the full demonstration manipulated the apparatus more overall, whereas those from the control group manipulated it the least of the three groups. Those from the full-demonstration group also contacted the particular parts of the artificial fruit that they had seen touched (localised stimulus enhancement) to a greater extent than the other two groups. There was also an interaction between the number of hand and mouth touches made to the artificial fruit for the full- and partial-demonstration groups. Whether or not these data represent evidence for imitation is discussed. We also propose that the clear differences between the groups suggest that social learning mechanisms provide real benefits to these animals in terms of developing novel food-processing skills analogous to the one presented here.
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JU, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. C.A.Caldwell@exeter.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15069606			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	735
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