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Author |
Hoy, R. |
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Title |
Animal awareness: The (un)binding of multisensory cues in decision making by animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
102 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
2267-2268 |
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Animals; Anura/physiology; *Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Female; Male; Perception; Sensation |
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Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 215 Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. rrh3@cornell.edu |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:15703288 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2821 |
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Author |
Allen, D.; Tanner, K. |
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Title |
Putting the horse back in front of the cart: using visions and decisions about high-quality learning experiences to drive course design |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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CBE Life Sciences Education |
Abbreviated Journal |
CBE Life Sci Educ |
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Volume |
6 |
Issue |
2 |
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85-89 |
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Curriculum/*standards; *Decision Making; *Learning; Models, Educational; Schools; Teaching/*methods/*standards |
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Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA. deallen@udel.edu |
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1931-7913 |
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PMID:17548870 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3999 |
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Author |
Gould, J.L. |
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Title |
Animal cognition |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Current Biology : CB |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Biol |
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Volume |
14 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
R372-5 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Awareness; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Concept Formation; Decision Making; Instinct; Intelligence/*physiology; Learning/*physiology; Species Specificity |
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Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. gould@princeton.edu |
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0960-9822 |
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PMID:15186759 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4169 |
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Author |
Sinha, A. |
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Title |
Knowledge acquired and decisions made: triadic interactions during allogrooming in wild bonnet macaques, Macaca radiata |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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Volume |
353 |
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1368 |
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619-631 |
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Keywords |
Aggression; Animals; Cognition; Computer Simulation; Decision Making; Evolution; Female; Grooming; Logistic Models; Macaca radiata/*psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance |
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The pressures of developing and maintaining intricate social relationships may have led to the evolution of enhanced cognitive abilities in many nonhuman primates. Knowledge of the dominance ranks and social relationships of other individuals, in particular, is important in evaluating one's position in the rank hierarchy and affiliative networks. Triadic interactions offer an excellent opportunity to examine whether decisions are taken by individuals on the basis of such knowledge. Allogrooming supplants among wild female bonnet macaques (macaca radiata) usually involved the subordinate female of a grooming dyad retreating at the approach of a female dominant to both members of the dyad. In a few exceptional cases, however, the dominant member of the dyad retreated; simple non-cognitive hypotheses involving dyadic rank differences and agonistic relationships failed to explain this phenomenon. Instead, retreat by the dominant individual was positively correlated with the social attractiveness of her subordinate companion (as measured by the duration of grooming received by the latter from other females in the troop). This suggests that not only does an individual evaluate relationships among other females, but does so on the basis of the amount of grooming received by them. Similarly, the frequency of approaches received by any female was correlated with her social attractiveness when she was the dominant member of the dyad, but not when she was the subordinate. This indicated that approaching females might be aware of the relative dominance ranks of the two allogrooming individuals. In logistic regression analyses, the probability of any individual retreating was found to be influenced more by her knowledge of her rank difference with both the other interactants, rather than by their absolute ranks. Moreover, information about social attractiveness appeared to be used in terms of correlated dominance ranks. The nature of knowledge acquired by bonnet macaque females may thus be egotistical in that other individuals are evaluated relative to oneself, integrative in that information about all other interactants is used simultaneously, and hierarchical in the ability to preferentially use certain categories of knowledge for the storage of related information from other domains. |
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National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR Centre, Bangalore, India |
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0962-8436 |
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PMID:9602536 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4362 |
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Author |
Holekamp, K.E.; Sakai, S.T.; Lundrigan, B.L. |
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Title |
Social intelligence in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |
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362 |
Issue |
1480 |
Pages |
523-538 |
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Keywords |
Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Brain/*anatomy & histology; Cercopithecinae/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Decision Making/physiology; Hyaenidae/anatomy & histology/*physiology; *Intelligence; *Recognition (Psychology); *Social Behavior; Species Specificity |
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If the large brains and great intelligence characteristic of primates were favoured by selection pressures associated with life in complex societies, then cognitive abilities and nervous systems with primate-like attributes should have evolved convergently in non-primate mammals living in large, elaborate societies in which social dexterity enhances individual fitness. The societies of spotted hyenas are remarkably like those of cercopithecine primates with respect to size, structure and patterns of competition and cooperation. These similarities set an ideal stage for comparative analysis of social intelligence and nervous system organization. As in cercopithecine primates, spotted hyenas use multiple sensory modalities to recognize their kin and other conspecifics as individuals, they recognize third-party kin and rank relationships among their clan mates, and they use this knowledge adaptively during social decision making. However, hyenas appear to rely more intensively than primates on social facilitation and simple rules of thumb in social decision making. No evidence to date suggests that hyenas are capable of true imitation. Finally, it appears that the gross anatomy of the brain in spotted hyenas might resemble that in primates with respect to expansion of frontal cortex, presumed to be involved in the mediation of social behaviour. |
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Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. holekamp@msu.edu |
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0962-8436 |
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PMID:17289649 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4719 |
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Author |
Dyer, J.R.G.; Johansson, A.; Helbing, D.; Couzin, I.D.; Krause, J. |
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Title |
Leadership, consensus decision making and collective behaviour in humans |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. |
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Volume |
364 |
Issue |
1518 |
Pages |
781-789 |
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Keywords |
* leadership * consensus decision making * collective behaviour * human group |
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Abstract |
This paper reviews the literature on leadership in vertebrate groups, including recent work on human groups, before presenting the results of three new experiments looking at leadership and decision making in small and large human groups. In experiment 1, we find that both group size and the presence of uninformed individuals can affect the speed with which small human groups (eight people) decide between two opposing directional preferences and the likelihood of the group splitting. In experiment 2, we show that the spatial positioning of informed individuals within small human groups (10 people) can affect the speed and accuracy of group motion. We find that having a mixture of leaders positioned in the centre and on the edge of a group increases the speed and accuracy with which the group reaches their target. In experiment 3, we use large human crowds (100 and 200 people) to demonstrate that the trends observed from earlier work using small human groups can be applied to larger crowds. We find that only a small minority of informed individuals is needed to guide a large uninformed group. These studies build upon important theoretical and empirical work on leadership and decision making in animal groups. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5122 |
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Author |
King, A.J.; Douglas, C.M.S.; Huchard, E.; Isaac, N.J.B.; Cowlishaw, G. |
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Title |
Dominance and affiliation mediate despotism in a social primate |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Current Biology : CB |
Abbreviated Journal |
Curr Biol |
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Volume |
18 |
Issue |
23 |
Pages |
1833-1838 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Authoritarianism; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cooperative Behavior; *Decision Making; Feeding Behavior; Female; *Group Processes; Male; Papio ursinus/*psychology; *Social Dominance |
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Abstract |
Group-living animals routinely have to reach a consensus decision and choose between mutually exclusive actions in order to coordinate their activities and benefit from sociality. Theoretical models predict “democratic” rather than “despotic” decisions to be widespread in social vertebrates, because they result in lower “consensus costs”-the costs of an individual foregoing its optimal action to comply with the decision-for the group as a whole. Yet, quantification of consensus costs is entirely lacking, and empirical observations provide strong support for the occurrence of both democratic and despotic decisions in nature. We conducted a foraging experiment on a wild social primate (chacma baboons, Papio ursinus) in order to gain new insights into despotic group decision making. The results show that group foraging decisions were consistently led by the individual who acquired the greatest benefits from those decisions, namely the dominant male. Subordinate group members followed the leader despite considerable consensus costs. Follower behavior was mediated by social ties to the leader, and where these ties were weaker, group fission was more likely to occur. Our findings highlight the importance of leader incentives and social relationships in group decision-making processes and the emergence of despotism. |
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Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK. andrew.king@ioz.ac.uk |
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0960-9822 |
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PMID:19026539 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5124 |
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Author |
Jacobs, A.; Maumy, M.; Petit, O. |
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Title |
The influence of social organisation on leadership in brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus fulvus) in a controlled environment |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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79 |
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2 |
Pages |
111-113 |
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Animals; *Decision Making; Dominance-Subordination; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; Group Structure; *Leadership; Lemur/*psychology; Male; Sex Factors; *Social Environment |
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Abstract |
Studies on leadership during group movements in several lemur species showed that females were responsible for the travelling choices concerning time and direction. Interestingly, in these species females are dominant over males. We investigated the influence of social organisation upon leadership processes by studying a lemur species in which social organisation is characterized by the absence of female dominance: the brown lemur (Eulemur fulvus fulvus). The study was conducted on a semi-free ranging group of 11 individuals and the analysis performed on 69 group movements showed that all the individuals could initiate a group movement. In 34 cases, the whole group moved. There was no significant difference in the number of start attempts or in the number of group members involved from one initiator to another. Moreover, there was no effect of sex or age of the initiator on the number of individuals following it or on the speed of the joining process. Therefore, the leadership observed is widely distributed to all group members. These results support the hypothesis of an influence of social organisation upon the decision-making processes but still remain to be studied in a more relevant ecological context. |
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IPHC-DEPE, Equipe d'ethologie des primates, UMR 7178, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Universite Louis Pasteur and Centre de Primatologie, Strasbourg, France |
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0376-6357 |
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PMID:18586413 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5127 |
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Author |
Stueckle, S.; Zinner, D. |
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To follow or not to follow: decision making and leadership during the morning departure in chacma baboons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
75 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1995-2004 |
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Keywords |
chacma baboon; collective movement; consensus; decision making; leadership; Papio hamadryas ursinus |
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Abstract |
To benefit from group living, group members need to keep the group cohesive by coordinating time and direction of travelling. Self-organization and leadership are two means of coordination and two types of decision can be made on the group level: combined and consensus. We studied the initiation process of group movements during the morning departure of a group of chacma baboons, Papio hamadryas ursinus, from its sleeping site in De Hoop Nature Reserve, South Africa. Findings from other female-bonded primate groups led us to hypothesize that females should play a major role in the decision-making process. Approximately 75% of the adults made a start attempt, with 62 of 92 attempts being by males. There was no sex difference in the probability of being successful when initiating an attempt. Lactating females initiated fewer than pregnant or cycling females. Thus, at least for this group of chacma baboons, leadership appeared to be distributed and the decision about the timing of departure and travel direction seemed to be a partially shared consensus decision with adult males contributing more to the decision outcome, with a slightly more prominent role of the dominant male. Our results do not support the [`]leading females' hypothesis. No behavioural patterns that might serve as specialized signals leading to a more successful recruitment of other group members were observed. The departure process appeared to be coordinated merely through individuals setting an example by moving off. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5130 |
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Author |
Conradt, L.; Roper, T.J. |
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Title |
Group decision-making in animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Nature |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nature |
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Volume |
421 |
Issue |
6919 |
Pages |
155-158 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; *Decision Making; Democracy; Group Processes; *Models, Biological; Population Density; Social Behavior |
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Groups of animals often need to make communal decisions, for example about which activities to perform, when to perform them and which direction to travel in; however, little is known about how they do so. Here, we model the fitness consequences of two possible decision-making mechanisms: 'despotism' and 'democracy'. We show that under most conditions, the costs to subordinate group members, and to the group as a whole, are considerably higher for despotic than for democratic decisions. Even when the despot is the most experienced group member, it only pays other members to accept its decision when group size is small and the difference in information is large. Democratic decisions are more beneficial primarily because they tend to produce less extreme decisions, rather than because each individual has an influence on the decision per se. Our model suggests that democracy should be widespread and makes quantitative, testable predictions about group decision-making in non-humans. |
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School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. l.conradt@sussex.ac.uk |
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0028-0836 |
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PMID:12520299 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5136 |
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