| Records |
| Author |
Vokey, J.R.; Rendall, D.; Tangen, J.M.; Parr, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
| Title |
Visual kin recognition and family resemblance in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
194-199 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; Random Allocation; *Recognition (Psychology); *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
The male-offspring biased visual kin recognition in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) reported by L. A. Parr and F. B. M. de Waal (1999) was replicated with human (Homo sapiens) participants and a principal components analysis (PCA) of pixel maps of the chimpanzee face photos. With the same original materials and methods, both humans and the PCA produced the same asymmetry in kin recognition as found with the chimpanzees. The PCA suggested that the asymmetry was a function of differences in the distribution of global characteristics associated with the framing of the faces in the son and daughter test sets. Eliminating potential framing biases, either by cropping the photos tightly to the faces or by rebalancing the recognition foils, eliminated the asymmetry but not human participants' ability to recognize chimpanzee kin. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada. vokey@uleth.ca |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0735-7036 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15250806 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
171 |
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| Author |
Flack, J.C.; Jeannotte, L.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
| Title |
Play signaling and the perception of social rules by juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
| Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
149-159 |
| Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Female; Male; Pan troglodytes; *Play and Playthings; Recognition (Psychology); *Signal Detection (Psychology); *Social Perception |
| Abstract |
Prescriptive social rules are enforced statistical regularities. The authors investigated whether juvenile chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) recognize and use enforced statistical regularities to guide dyadic play behavior. They hypothesized (a) that proximity of adults, especially mothers of younger play partners, to play bouts will increase the play signaling of older partners and (b) that when juvenile-juvenile play bouts occur in proximity to adults, older partners will play at a lower intensity than when no adults are present. They found that older and younger partners increase their play signaling in the presence of the mothers of younger partners, particularly as the intensity of play bouts increases. In contrast to their hypothesis, older partners played more roughly when the mothers of younger partners were in proximity. These results suggest that juvenile chimpanzees increase play signaling to prevent termination of the play bouts by mothers of younger partners. |
| Address |
Santa Fe Institute, NM 97501, USA. jflack@santafe.edu |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0735-7036 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15250802 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
172 |
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| Author |
Plotnik, J.; Nelson, P.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
| Title |
Visual field information in the face perception of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume |
1000 |
Issue |
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Pages |
94-98 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Facial Expression; Pan troglodytes; Recognition (Psychology); Visual Fields/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology |
| Abstract |
Evidence for a visual field advantage (VFA) in the face perception of chimpanzees was investigated using a modification of a free-vision task. Four of six chimpanzee subjects previously trained on a computer joystick match-to-sample paradigm were able to distinguish between images of neutral face chimeras consisting of two left sides (LL) or right sides (RR) of the face. While an individual's ability to make this distinction would be unlikely to determine their suitability for the VFA tests, it was important to establish that distinctive information was available in test images. Data were then recorded on their choice of the LL vs. RR chimera as a match to the true, neutral image; a bias for one of these options would indicate an hemispatial visual field advantage. Results suggest that chimpanzees, unlike humans, do not exhibit a left visual field advantage. These results have important implications for studies on laterality and asymmetry in facial signals and their perception in primates. |
| Address |
Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. jmp63@cornell.edu |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0077-8923 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14766624 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
175 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
A cognitive behaviorist approach to the study of animal behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
The Journal of general psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Gen Psychol |
| Volume |
129 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
328-363 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Learning; *Memory; Social Behavior |
| Abstract |
Traditional psychological approaches to animal learning and behavior have involved either the atheoretical behaviorist approach proposed by B. F. Skinner (1938), in which input-output relations are described in response to environmental manipulations, or the theoretical behaviorist approach offered by C. L Hull (1943), in which associations mediated by several hypothetical constructs and intervening variables are formed between stimuli and responses. Recently, the application of a cognitive behaviorist approach to animal learning and behavior has been found to have considerable value as a research tool. This perspective has grown out of E. C. Tolman's cognitive approach to learning in which behavior is mediated by mechanisms that are not directly observable but can be inferred from the results of critical experiments. In the present article, the author presents several examples of the successful application of the cognitive behaviorist approach. In each case, the experiments have been designed to distinguish between more traditional mechanisms and those mediated by hypothesized internal representations. These examples were selected because the evidence suggests that some form of active cognitive organization is needed to account for the behavioral results. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@uky.edu |
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English |
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0022-1309 |
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| Notes |
PMID:12494989 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
214 |
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| Author |
Nguyen, N.H.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Imitation of a two-action sequence by pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
514-518 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning |
| Abstract |
Developmental psychologists have described imitation as a process that suggests perspective-taking abilities. However, imitative behavior has been found in animals, which are generally not considered capable of taking the perspective of another. Previous studies with birds have demonstrated the imitation of a single response (sometimes referred to as action-level imitation). In the present experiment, we examined the extent to which pigeons would imitate an unfamiliar sequence of two behaviors (sometimes referred to as program-level imitation). Our results indicate that, although there are individual differences, pigeons show a significant tendency to match a demonstrated sequence of behavior involving, first, a response to a treadle (pecking at it or stepping on it) and, second, pushing aside a screen that blocks access to food (a left-vs.-right push). |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA |
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English |
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| ISSN |
1069-9384 |
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| Notes |
PMID:16235638 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
221 |
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| Author |
Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Contrast and the justification of effort |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
335-339 |
| Keywords |
Awareness; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans. |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1069-9384 |
ISBN |
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Conference |
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| Notes |
PMID:16082815 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
223 |
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| Author |
Friedrich, A.M.; Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Functional equivalence in pigeons involving a four-member class |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
| Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
395-403 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Concept Formation |
| Abstract |
Research suggests that animals are capable of forming functional equivalence relations or stimulus classes of the kind usually demonstrated by humans (e.g., the class defined by an object and the word for that object). In pigeons, such functional equivalences are typically established using many-to-one matching-to-sample in which two samples are associated with one comparison stimulus and two different samples are associated with the other. Evidence for the establishment of functional equivalences between samples associated with the same comparison comes from transfer tests. In Experiment 1, we found that pigeons can form a single class consisting of four members (many-to-one matching) when the alternative class has only one member (one-to-one matching). In Experiment 2, we ruled out the possibility that the pigeons acquired the hybrid one-to-one/many-to-one task by developing a single-code/default coding strategy as earlier research suggested that it might. Thus, pigeons can develop a functional class consisting of as many as four members, with the alternative class consisting of a single member. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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0376-6357 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15518989 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
228 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Configural/holistic processing or differential element versus compound similarity |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Animal cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
141-142 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Chickens; Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Before accepting a configural or holistic account of visual perception, one should be sure that an analytic (elemental) account does not provide an equal or better explanation of the results. I suggest that when one forms a compound of a color and a line orientation with one element previously trained as an S+ and the other as an S-, the resulting transfer found will depend on the relative salience of the two elements, and most important, the similarity of the compound to each of the training stimuli. Thus, if a line orientation is placed on a colored background (a separable compound), it will appear more like the colored field used in training, and color will control responding. However, if the line itself is colored (an integral compound), the compound will appear more like the line used in training, and line orientation will control responding. Not only does this account do a better job of explaining the data but it is simpler and it is testable. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu |
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English |
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| ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15449103 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
229 |
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| Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Klein, E.D.; Singer, R.A. |
| Title |
Evidence for detection of one duration sample and default responding to other duration samples by pigeons may result from an artifact of retention-test ambiguity |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
30 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
129-134 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Artifacts; Association Learning; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Recognition (Psychology); *Retention (Psychology); *Time Perception; *Transfer (Psychology) |
| Abstract |
S. C. Gaitan and J. T. Wixted (2000) proposed that when pigeons are trained on a conditional discrimination to associate 1 duration sample with 1 comparison and 2 other duration samples with a 2nd comparison, they detect only the single duration, and on trials involving either of the 2 other duration samples, they respond to the other comparison by default. In 2 experiments, the authors show instead that pigeons lend to treat the retention intervals (such as those used by Gaitan and Wixted) as intertrial intervals, and thus, they tend to treat all trials with a delay as 0-s sample trials. The authors tested this hypothesis by showing that divergent retention functions do not appear when the retention interval is discriminably different from the intertrial interval. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. zentall@uky.edu |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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| Notes |
PMID:15078122 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
232 |
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| Author |
Macphail, E.M. |
| Title |
Cognitive function in mammals: the evolutionary perspective |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Brain research. Cognitive brain research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Res Cogn Brain Res |
| Volume |
3 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
279-290 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Cognition/*physiology; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Evolution; Humans; Learning/*physiology; Task Performance and Analysis |
| Abstract |
The work of behavioural pharmacologists has concentrated on small animals, such as rodents and pigeons. The validity of extrapolation of their findings to humans depends upon the existence of parallels in both physiology and psychology between these animals and humans. This paper considers the question whether there are in fact substantial cognitive parallels between, first, different non-human groups of vertebrates and, second, non-humans and humans. Behavioural data from 'simple' tasks, such as habituation and conditioning, do not point to species differences among vertebrates. Using examples that concentrate on the performance of rodents and birds, it is argued that, similarly, data from more complex tasks (learning-set formation, transitive inference, and spatial memory serve as examples) reveal few if any cognitive differences amongst non-human vertebrates. This conclusion supports the notion that association formation may be the critical problem-solving process available to non-human animals; associative mechanisms are assumed to have evolved to detect causal links between events, and would therefore be relevant in all ecological niches. In agreement with this view, recent advances in comparative neurology show striking parallels in functional organisation of mammalian and avian telencephalon. Finally, it is argued that although the peculiarly human capacity for language marks a large cognitive contrast between humans and non-humans, there is good evidence-in particular, from work on implicit learning--that the learning mechanisms available to non--humans are present and do play an important role in human cognition. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, University of York at Heslington, UK |
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English |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
0926-6410 |
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| Notes |
PMID:8806029 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
603 |
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