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	Author	Waran, N.K.
	Title	Can studies of feral horse behaviour be used for assessing domestic horse welfare?			Type
	Year	1997	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	29	Issue	4	Pages	249-251
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Behavior, Animal; Horses/*psychology; Social Behavior
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15338901			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1936
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	Author	McGreevy, P.D.; Cripps, P.J.; French, N.P.; Green, L.E.; Nicol, C.J.
	Title	Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the thoroughbred horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	27	Issue	2	Pages	86-91
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Horse Diseases/psychology/therapy; Horses; Risk Factors; *Stereotyped Behavior; Time Factors
	Abstract	A greater knowledge of the effect of management factors is required to investigate the ontogeny of abnormal behaviour in the stabled horse. A postal survey of racehorse (flat) trainers yielded information about 22 yard and management factors. The relationship of the factors to the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was analysed by logistic regression. Management factors related to the time spent in the stable showed the strongest associations with stereotypic behaviour. The risk of horses performing abnormal behaviour increased: 1) as the amount of forage fell below 6.8 kg/day, 2) when bedding types other than straw were used, 3) when the total number of horses on the yard was fewer than 75, 4) in association with box designs that minimised contact between neighbouring horses, 5) when hay, rather than other types of forage, was used.
	Address	Department of Animal Health and Husbandry, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7607155			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	91
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Jansen, W.L.; van Alphen, M.; Berghout, M.; Everts, H.; Beynen, A.C.
	Title	An approach to assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization by horses and ponies kept at riding schools			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	The Veterinary quarterly	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Q
	Volume	23	Issue	4	Pages	195-198
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Body Weight; Dietary Fats; Dietary Fiber; Energy Intake; Energy Metabolism; Female; Horses/physiology; Male
	Abstract	The ratio of calculated net energy intake (NEi) to calculate net energy requirement (NEr) might serve as an indicator of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization. The ratio was determined for 93 horses and ponies from 10 riding schools. For each animal with an assumed constant body weight, energy intake and energy requirements were assessed. On average, the estimated NEi was 14% greater than NEr. There was a significant, negative association between crude fibre intake and the NEi: NEr ratio. Earlier work indicated that extra fat intake may lead to over estimation of the calculated energy value of the ration due to changes in macronutrient digestibility. Dietary fat concentration was found to range from 32 to 52 g/kg dry matter (5 to 6 g/MJ net energy), but on the basis of digestibility trials this range in fat concentration is too small to significantly influence the NEi: NEr ratio. This study shows that assessment of the efficiency of dietary energy utilization under normal conditions, on the basis of the NEi: NEr ratio is fraught with uncertainty.
	Address	Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary, Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0165-2176	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11765239			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1807
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	Author	Grandin, T.
	Title	Safe handling of large animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Occupational Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.)	Abbreviated Journal	Occup Med
	Volume	14	Issue	2	Pages	195-212
	Keywords	Accidents, Occupational/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data; Aggression/physiology/psychology; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cattle; Conditioning, Operant/physiology; Crowding/psychology; Fear/physiology/psychology; Female; Horses/physiology/psychology; Humans; Male; Movement/physiology; Occupational Health; Risk Factors; Ruminants/physiology/psychology
	Abstract	The major causes of accidents with cattle, horses, and other grazing animals are: panic due to fear, male dominance aggression, or the maternal aggression of a mother protecting her newborn. Danger is inherent when handling large animals. Understanding their behavior patterns improves safety, but working with animals will never be completely safe. Calm, quiet handling and non-slip flooring are beneficial. Rough handling and excessive use of electric prods increase chances of injury to both people and animals, because fearful animals may jump, kick, or rear. Training animals to voluntarily cooperate with veterinary procedures reduces stress and improves safety. Grazing animals have a herd instinct, and a lone, isolated animal can become agitated. Providing a companion animal helps keep an animal calm.
	Address	Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80526, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0885-114X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10329901			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3793
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	Author	Hostetter, A.B.; Russell, J.L.; Freeman, H.; Hopkins, W.D.
	Title	Now you see me, now you don't: evidence that chimpanzees understand the role of the eyes in attention			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	55-62
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Attention; Awareness; Female; Fixation, Ocular/physiology; Humans; Male; Pan troglodytes/psychology; Social Behavior; *Social Perception
	Abstract	Chimpanzees appear to understand something about the attentional states of others; in the present experiment, we investigated whether they understand that the attentional state of a human is based on eye gaze. In all, 116 adult chimpanzees were offered food by an experimenter who engaged in one of the four experimental manipulations: eyes closed, eyes open, hand over eyes, and hand over mouth. The communicative behavior of the chimpanzees was observed. More visible behaviors were produced when the experimenter's eyes were visible than when the experimenter's eyes were not visible. More vocalizations were produced when the experimenter's eyes were closed than when they were open, but there were no differences in other attention getting behaviors. There was no effect of age or rearing history. The results suggest that chimpanzees use the presence of the eyes as a cue that their visual gestures will be effective.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1202 W. Johnson Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. abhostetter@wisc.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16847659			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2457
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	Author	Henderson, A.J.Z.
	Title	Don't fence me in: managing psychological well being for elite performance horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS	Abbreviated Journal	J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci.
	Volume	10	Issue	4	Pages	309-329
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry; Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horses/psychology; Physical Conditioning, Animal; *Stereotyped Behavior
	Abstract	This article posits that stereotypical behavior patterns and the overall psychological well being of today's performance horse could be substantially enhanced with care that acknowledges the relationship between domesticated horses and their forerunners. Feral horses typically roam in stable, social groups over large grazing territories, spending 16-20 hr per day foraging on mid- to poor-quality roughage. In contrast, today's elite show horses live in relatively small stalls, eat a limited-but rich-diet at specific feedings, and typically live in social isolation. Although the horse has been domesticated for more than 6000 years, there has been no selection for an equid who no longer requires an outlet for these natural behaviors. Using equine stereotypies as a welfare indicator, this researcher proposes that the psychological well being of today's performance horse is compromised. Furthermore, the article illustrates how minimal management changes can enhance horses' well being while still remaining compatible with the requirements of the sport-horse industry. The article discusses conclusions in terms of Fraser, Weary, Pajor, and Milligan's “integrative welfare model” (1997).
	Address	Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada. zamoyska@shaw.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1088-8705	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17970632			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4363
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	Author	Barton, M.D.; Hughes, K.L.
	Title	Ecology of Rhodococcus equi			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Veterinary Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Microbiol
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	65-76
	Keywords	Actinomycetales/growth & development/immunology/isolation & purification; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology; Artiodactyla/microbiology; Australia; Digestive System/microbiology; Ecology; Feces/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Rabbits/microbiology; *Soil Microbiology
	Abstract	A selective broth enrichment technique was used to study the distribution of Rhodococcus equi in soil and grazing animals. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from 54% of soils examined and from the gut contents, rectal faeces and dung of all grazing herbivorous species examined. Rhodococcus equi was not isolated from the faeces or dung of penned animals which did not have access to grazing. The isolation rate from dung was much higher than from other samples and this was found to be due to the ability of R. equi to multiply more readily in dung. Delayed hypersensitivity tests were carried out on horses, sheep and cattle, but only horses reacted significantly. The physiological characteristics of R. equi and the nature of its distribution in the environment suggested that R. equi is a soil organism.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0378-1135	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6719819			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2688
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Goodwin, D.
	Title	The importance of ethology in understanding the behaviour of the horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	28	Pages	15-19
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bonding, Human-Pet; Evolution; *Horses; Social Behavior
	Abstract	Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy, for the benefit of another species, conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long association between horses and man and many features of equine behaviour suggest a predisposition to interspecific cooperation. However, the importance of dominance in human understanding of social systems has tended to overemphasize its importance in the human-horse relationship. The evolving horse-human relationship from predation to companionship, has resulted in serial conflicts of interest for equine and human participants. Only by understanding the nature and origin of these conflicts can ethologists encourage equine management practices which minimise deleterious effects on the behaviour of the horse.
	Address	Anthrozoology Institute, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11314229			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1920
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	Author	Odberg, F.O.; Bouissou, M.F.
	Title	The development of equestrianism from the baroque period to the present day and its consequences for the welfare of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	28	Pages	26-30
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/history/standards; Animal Welfare/history; Animals; Bonding, Human-Pet; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; *Horses; Humans; Stress/etiology/history/veterinary
	Abstract	Many saddle horses are slaughtered at a young age which could be indicative of a welfare problem. Bad riding is probably an underestimated source of poor welfare. Widespread knowledge of 'academic' riding should be encouraged and should be beneficial to all horses, at all schooling levels, for all purposes. In particular, 18th century principles tend to be forgotten and in this article the authors illustrate some differences to modern dressage. Various suggestions are made in order to improve welfare.
	Address	University of Ghent, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Heidestraat 19, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11314231			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3729
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Robinson, I.H.
	Title	The human-horse relationship: how much do we know?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1999	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	28	Pages	42-45
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/economics; Animals; Bonding, Human-Pet; Cost-Benefit Analysis; Hobbies; *Horses; Humans; Power (Psychology); Sports
	Abstract	Human relationships or interactions with horses have varied throughout history depending on human needs, but it is horses' ability to carry a human individual that has had perhaps the greatest impact on their relationship with man. Despite our long association with the horse, there have been few studies on human-horse relationships. There is little historical evidence on individual relationships with horses but indications of strong human-horse relationships have been noted in mounted societies, such as North American Plains Indians. Riding a horse has traditionally been associated with power, and was reserved for the ruling elite in many areas. Demographic data suggest that human relationships with horses may have changed in recent times. Although the lack of land and the relatively high cost of horse care may reduce the possibility of ownership for many people, the availability of riding establishments and increases in leisure time mean that riding is no longer restricted to the upper classes. There is a wide range in type and intensity of potential interactions with horses, indicating that human-horse relationships are likely to vary considerably. Some people appear to sacrifice a great deal in order to own a horse. However, the motivation behind these activities and the process by which an individual assesses personal costs of ownership versus their perceived benefits remains to be studied. Future research should focus on characterising the human-horse relationship, and the degree of individual and cultural variation. A greater understanding of horse owner perceptions of 'costs' versus 'benefits' may also increase our understanding of the relationship and the economic importance of horses in society.
	Address	WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Leics LE14 4RT, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11314234			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4361
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