Records |
Author |
Beckers, T.; Miller, R.R.; De Houwer, J.; Urushihara, K. |
Title |
Reasoning rats: forward blocking in Pavlovian animal conditioning is sensitive to constraints of causal inference |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. General |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Gen |
Volume |
135 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
92-102 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Association Learning; *Cognition; *Conditioning, Classical; Cues; Fear; Female; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Motivation; *Problem Solving; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley |
Abstract |
Forward blocking is one of the best-documented phenomena in Pavlovian animal conditioning. According to contemporary associative learning theories, forward blocking arises directly from the hardwired basic learning rules that govern the acquisition or expression of associations. Contrary to this view, here the authors demonstrate that blocking in rats is flexible and sensitive to constraints of causal inference, such as violation of additivity and ceiling considerations. This suggests that complex cognitive processes akin to causal inferential reasoning are involved in a well-established Pavlovian animal conditioning phenomenon commonly attributed to the operation of basic associative processes. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, NY, USA. tom.beckers@psy.kuleuven.be |
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English |
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ISSN |
0096-3445 |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:16478318 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
155 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
A cognitive behaviorist approach to the study of animal behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2002 |
Publication |
The Journal of general psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Gen Psychol |
Volume |
129 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
328-363 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Learning; *Memory; Social Behavior |
Abstract |
Traditional psychological approaches to animal learning and behavior have involved either the atheoretical behaviorist approach proposed by B. F. Skinner (1938), in which input-output relations are described in response to environmental manipulations, or the theoretical behaviorist approach offered by C. L Hull (1943), in which associations mediated by several hypothetical constructs and intervening variables are formed between stimuli and responses. Recently, the application of a cognitive behaviorist approach to animal learning and behavior has been found to have considerable value as a research tool. This perspective has grown out of E. C. Tolman's cognitive approach to learning in which behavior is mediated by mechanisms that are not directly observable but can be inferred from the results of critical experiments. In the present article, the author presents several examples of the successful application of the cognitive behaviorist approach. In each case, the experiments have been designed to distinguish between more traditional mechanisms and those mediated by hypothesized internal representations. These examples were selected because the evidence suggests that some form of active cognitive organization is needed to account for the behavioral results. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. Zentall@uky.edu |
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ISSN |
0022-1309 |
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Notes |
PMID:12494989 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
214 |
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Author |
Nguyen, N.H.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Imitation of a two-action sequence by pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
514-518 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning |
Abstract |
Developmental psychologists have described imitation as a process that suggests perspective-taking abilities. However, imitative behavior has been found in animals, which are generally not considered capable of taking the perspective of another. Previous studies with birds have demonstrated the imitation of a single response (sometimes referred to as action-level imitation). In the present experiment, we examined the extent to which pigeons would imitate an unfamiliar sequence of two behaviors (sometimes referred to as program-level imitation). Our results indicate that, although there are individual differences, pigeons show a significant tendency to match a demonstrated sequence of behavior involving, first, a response to a treadle (pecking at it or stepping on it) and, second, pushing aside a screen that blocks access to food (a left-vs.-right push). |
Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
1069-9384 |
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Notes |
PMID:16235638 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
221 |
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Author |
Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Contrast and the justification of effort |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
335-339 |
Keywords |
Awareness; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception |
Abstract |
When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans. |
Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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1069-9384 |
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Notes |
PMID:16082815 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
223 |
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Author |
Friedrich, A.M.; Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Functional equivalence in pigeons involving a four-member class |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Behavioural processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
Volume |
67 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
395-403 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Association Learning; *Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Concept Formation |
Abstract |
Research suggests that animals are capable of forming functional equivalence relations or stimulus classes of the kind usually demonstrated by humans (e.g., the class defined by an object and the word for that object). In pigeons, such functional equivalences are typically established using many-to-one matching-to-sample in which two samples are associated with one comparison stimulus and two different samples are associated with the other. Evidence for the establishment of functional equivalences between samples associated with the same comparison comes from transfer tests. In Experiment 1, we found that pigeons can form a single class consisting of four members (many-to-one matching) when the alternative class has only one member (one-to-one matching). In Experiment 2, we ruled out the possibility that the pigeons acquired the hybrid one-to-one/many-to-one task by developing a single-code/default coding strategy as earlier research suggested that it might. Thus, pigeons can develop a functional class consisting of as many as four members, with the alternative class consisting of a single member. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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ISSN |
0376-6357 |
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Notes |
PMID:15518989 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
228 |
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Author |
Roper, K.L.; Zentall, T.R. |
Title |
Directed forgetting in animals |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1993 |
Publication |
Psychological bulletin |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Bull |
Volume |
113 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
513-532 |
Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Female; Humans; Male; Memory Disorders/*psychology; Reinforcement (Psychology); Task Performance and Analysis |
Abstract |
Directed-forgetting research with animals suggests that animals show disrupted test performance only under certain conditions. Important variables are (a) whether during training, the cue to forget (F cue) signals nonreward (i.e., that the trial is over) versus reward (i.e., that reinforcement can be obtained) and (b) given that reinforcement can be obtained on F-cue trials, whether the post-F-cue response pattern is compatible with the baseline memory task. It is proposed that some findings of directed forgetting can be attributed to trained response biases, whereas others may be attributable perhaps to frustration-produced interference. It is suggested that directed forgetting in animals should be studied using procedures similar to those used to study directed forgetting in humans. This can be accomplished by presenting, within a trial, both to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten material. |
Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506 |
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0033-2909 |
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PMID:8316612 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
259 |
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Author |
Seyfarth, R.M.; Cheney, D.L.; Bergman, T.J. |
Title |
Primate social cognition and the origins of language |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends. Cognit. Sci. |
Volume |
9 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
264-266 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Humans; *Language; Papio; Psychological Theory; Social Behavior; *Social Perception |
Abstract |
Are the cognitive mechanisms underlying language unique, or can similar mechanisms be found in other domains? Recent field experiments demonstrate that baboons' knowledge of their companions' social relationships is based on discrete-valued traits (identity, rank, kinship) that are combined to create a representation of social relations that is hierarchically structured, open-ended, rule-governed, and independent of sensory modality. The mechanisms underlying language might have evolved from the social knowledge of our pre-linguistic primate ancestors. |
Address |
Departments of Biology and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. seyfarth@psych.upenn.edu |
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1364-6613 |
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PMID:15925802 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
343 |
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Author |
Cheney, D.; Seyfarth, R.; Smuts, B. |
Title |
Social relationships and social cognition in nonhuman primates |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
1986 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
234 |
Issue |
4782 |
Pages |
1361-1366 |
Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Female; Male; Pair Bond; Primates/*physiology; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Perception |
Abstract |
Complex social relationships among nonhuman primates appear to contribute to individual reproductive success. Experiments with and behavioral observations of natural populations suggest that sophisticated cognitive mechanisms may underlie primate social relationships. Similar capacities are usually less apparent in the nonsocial realm, supporting the view that at least some aspects of primate intelligence evolved to solve the challenges of interacting with conspecifics. |
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0036-8075 |
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PMID:3538419 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
349 |
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Author |
Mulcahy, N.J.; Call, J. |
Title |
Apes save tools for future use |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
312 |
Issue |
5776 |
Pages |
1038-1040 |
Keywords |
Animals; Association Learning; *Cognition; *Evolution; *Mental Processes; *Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; *Pongo pygmaeus |
Abstract |
Planning for future needs, not just current ones, is one of the most formidable human cognitive achievements. Whether this skill is a uniquely human adaptation is a controversial issue. In a study we conducted, bonobos and orangutans selected, transported, and saved appropriate tools above baseline levels to use them 1 hour later (experiment 1). Experiment 2 extended these results to a 14-hour delay between collecting and using the tools. Experiment 3 showed that seeing the apparatus during tool selection was not necessary to succeed. These findings suggest that the precursor skills for planning for the future evolved in great apes before 14 million years ago, when all extant great ape species shared a common ancestor. |
Address |
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany |
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ISSN |
1095-9203 |
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PMID:16709782 |
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no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
466 |
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Author |
Dunbar, R. |
Title |
Evolution of the social brain |
Type |
Journal Article |
Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
Volume |
302 |
Issue |
5648 |
Pages |
1160-1161 |
Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Wild; *Cognition; Endorphins/physiology; *Evolution; Female; Grooming; Hierarchy, Social; Language; Neocortex/anatomy & histology/physiology; Papio/physiology/*psychology; *Reproduction; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Support; Vocalization, Animal |
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Address |
School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk |
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1095-9203 |
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Notes |
PMID:14615522 |
Approved |
no |
Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
548 |
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