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Author |
Pennisi, E. |
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Title |
Animal cognition. Social animals prove their smarts |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
Abbreviated Journal |
Science |
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Volume |
312 |
Issue |
5781 |
Pages |
1734-1738 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Birds; *Cognition; Comprehension; Cues; Food; Hominidae/*psychology; *Intelligence; Learning; Memory; *Social Behavior |
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1095-9203 |
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PMID:16794055 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2836 |
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Author |
Mallavarapu, S.; Stoinski, T.S.; Bloomsmith, M.A.; Maple, T.L. |
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Title |
Postconflict behavior in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
68 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
789-801 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Competitive Behavior; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Gorilla gorilla/*physiology/psychology; Male; Time Factors |
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Abstract |
Postconflict (PC) behaviors, including reconciliation and consolation, have been observed in many primate and several nonprimate species. Using the PC-matched control (MC) method, PC behavior was examined in two groups (n=13) of captive western lowland gorillas, a species for which no conflict resolution data have been published. Analyses of 223 conflicts showed significantly more affiliation between former opponents after a conflict when compared to control periods, indicating reconciliation. Results also showed significantly more affiliation between the victim and a third-party after a conflict, indicating consolation. Both solicited and unsolicited consolation were observed. The majority of the affiliative interactions observed for both reconciliation and consolation were social proximity, which suggests that unlike most nonhuman primates, proximity, rather than physical contact, may be the main mechanism for resolving conflicts in western lowland gorillas. PC behavior was not uniform throughout the groups, but rather varied according to dyad type. |
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Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia 30315, USA. smallavarapu@zooatlanta.org |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:16847973 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
2873 |
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Author |
Lacreuse, A.; Martin-Malivel, J.; Lange, H.S.; Herndon, J.G. |
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Title |
Effects of the menstrual cycle on looking preferences for faces in female rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
10 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
105-115 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Discrimination Learning; Estradiol/blood; *Face; Female; Humans; Macaca mulatta/*physiology; Male; Menstrual Cycle/blood/*physiology; *Pattern Recognition, Visual |
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Abstract |
Fluctuations of ovarian hormones across the menstrual cycle influence a variety of social and cognitive behaviors in primates. For example, female rhesus monkeys exhibit heightened interest for males and increased agonistic interactions with other females during periods of high estrogen levels. In the present study, we hypothesized that females' preference for males during periods of high estrogen levels is also expressed at the level of face perception. We tested four intact females on two face-tasks involving neutral portraits of male and female rhesus monkeys, chimpanzees and humans. In the visual preference task (VP), monkeys had to touch a button to view a face image. The image remained on the screen as long as the button was touched, and the duration of pressing was taken as an index of the monkey's looking time for the face stimulus. In the Face-Delayed Recognition Span Test (Face-DRST), monkeys were rewarded for touching the new face in an increasing number of serially presented faces. Monkeys were tested 5 days a week across one menstrual cycle. Blood was collected every other day for analysis of estradiol and progesterone. Two of the four females were cycling at the time of testing. We did not find an influence of the cycle on Face-DRST, likely due to a floor effect. In the VP however, the two cycling individuals looked longer at conspecific male faces than female faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Such effects were absent for human and chimpanzee faces and for the two noncycling subjects. These data suggest that ovarian hormones may influence females' preferences for specific faces, with heightened preference for male faces during the peri-ovulatory period of the cycle. Heightened interest for stimuli of significant reproductive relevance during periods of high conception risk may help guide social and sexual behavior in the rhesus monkey. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Tobin Hall, 135 Hicks Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. alacreuse@psych.umass.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:16909232 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2452 |
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Author |
Bugnyar, T.; Heinrich, B. |
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Title |
Pilfering ravens, Corvus corax, adjust their behaviour to social context and identity of competitors |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
369-376 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Competitive Behavior; Crows/*physiology; *Deception; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Social Behavior; *Social Environment |
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Abstract |
Like other corvids, food-storing ravens protect their caches from being pilfered by conspecifics by means of aggression and by re-caching. In the wild and in captivity, potential pilferers rarely approach caches until the storers have left the cache vicinity. When storers are experimentally prevented from leaving, pilferers first search at places other than the cache sites. These behaviours raise the possibility that ravens are capable of withholding intentions and providing false information to avoid provoking the storers' aggression for cache protection. Alternatively, birds may refrain from pilfering to avoid conflicts with dominants. Here we examined whether ravens adjust their pilfer tactics according to social context and type of competitors. We allowed birds that had witnessed a conspecific making caches to pilfer those caches either in private, together with the storer, or together with a conspecific bystander that had not created the caches (non-storer) but had seen them being made. Compared to in-private trials, ravens delayed approaching the caches only in the presence of storers. Furthermore, they quickly engaged in searching away from the caches when together with dominant storers but directly approached the caches when together with dominant non-storers. These findings demonstrate that ravens selectively alter their pilfer behaviour with those individuals that are likely to defend the caches (storers) and support the interpretation that they are deceptively manipulating the others' behaviour. |
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Address |
Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. thomas.bugnyar@univie.ac.at |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:16909235 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2449 |
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Author |
Pepperberg, I.M. |
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Title |
Grey parrot numerical competence: a review |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
377-391 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Comprehension; *Concept Formation; *Mathematics; *Parrots |
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Abstract |
The extent to which humans and nonhumans share numerical competency is a matter of debate. Some researchers argue that nonhumans, lacking human language, possess only a simple understanding of small quantities, generally less than four. Animals that have, however, received some training in human communication systems might demonstrate abilities intermediate between those of untrained nonhumans and humans. Here I review data for a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) that has been shown to quantify sets of up to and including six items (including heterogeneous subsets) using vocal English labels, to comprehend these labels fully, and to have a zero-like concept. Recent research demonstrates that he can also sum small quantities. His success shows that he understands number symbols as abstract representations of real-world collections, and that his sense of number compares favorably to that of chimpanzees and young human children. |
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Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:16909236 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2448 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.A. |
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Title |
Why horse behaviour is important to the equine clinician |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J |
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Volume |
38 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
386-387 |
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Keywords |
Accidents, Occupational/prevention & control; Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal/physiology; Clinical Competence; Fear; Horses/*physiology; Humans; Veterinarians/psychology; Veterinary Medicine/*standards |
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Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401, USA |
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ISSN |
0425-1644 |
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PMID:16986596 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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30 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation: definitions, evidence, and mechanisms |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
335-353 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning; Motivation; *Social Environment; Transfer (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Imitation can be defined as the copying of behavior. To a biologist, interest in imitation is focused on its adaptive value for the survival of the organism, but to a psychologist, the mechanisms responsible for imitation are the most interesting. For psychologists, the most important cases of imitation are those that involve demonstrated behavior that the imitator cannot see when it performs the behavior (e.g., scratching one's head). Such examples of imitation are sometimes referred to as opaque imitation because they are difficult to account for without positing cognitive mechanisms, such as perspective taking, that most animals have not been acknowledged to have. The present review first identifies various forms of social influence and social learning that do not qualify as opaque imitation, including species-typical mechanisms (e.g., mimicry and contagion), motivational mechanisms (e.g., social facilitation, incentive motivation, transfer of fear), attentional mechanisms (e.g., local enhancement, stimulus enhancement), imprinting, following, observational conditioning, and learning how the environment works (affordance learning). It then presents evidence for different forms of opaque imitation in animals, and identifies characteristics of human imitation that have been proposed to distinguish it from animal imitation. Finally, it examines the role played in opaque imitation by demonstrator reinforcement and observer motivation. Although accounts of imitation have been proposed that vary in their level of analysis from neural to cognitive, at present no theory of imitation appears to be adequate to account for the varied results that have been found. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA. Zentall@uky.edu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17024510 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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217 |
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Author |
Plotnik, J.M.; de Waal, F.B.M.; Reiss, D. |
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Title |
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
103 |
Issue |
45 |
Pages |
17053-17057 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Asia; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Elephants/*psychology; Female; Photic Stimulation |
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Abstract |
Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: (i) social responses, (ii) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), (iii) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and (iv) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation. |
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Address |
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Department of Psychology, Emory University, 532 North Kligo Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:17075063 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
408 |
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Author |
Koski, S.E.; Koops, K.; Sterck, E.H.M. |
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Title |
Reconciliation, relationship quality, and postconflict anxiety: testing the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
American journal of primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am. J. Primatol. |
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Volume |
69 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
158-172 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Anxiety; *Behavior, Animal; Conflict (Psychology); Female; Male; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; *Social Behavior |
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Abstract |
Reconciliation is a conflict resolution mechanism that is common to many gregarious species with individualized societies. Reconciliation repairs the damaged relationship between the opponents and decreases postconflict (PC) anxiety. The “integrated hypothesis” links the quality of the opponents' relationship to PC anxiety, since it proposes that conflicts among partners with high relationship quality will yield high levels of PC anxiety, which in turn will lead to an increased likelihood of reconciliation. We tested the integrated hypothesis in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Arnhem Zoo, The Netherlands. We applied the standard PC/matched control (MC) method. Our results mostly support the integrated hypothesis, in that more valuable and compatible partners (i.e., males and frequent groomers) reconciled more often than less valuable and weakly compatible partners (i.e., females and infrequent groomers). In addition, PC anxiety was higher after conflicts among males than among females. Emotional arousal thus appears to be a mediator facilitating reconciliation. However, in contrast to the predictions derived from the integrated hypothesis, PC anxiety appeared only in aggressees, and not in aggressors, of conflicts. This suggests that while relationship quality determines PC anxiety, it is dependent on the role of the participants in the conflict. |
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Department of Behavioural Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. s.e.koski@bio.uu.nl |
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0275-2565 |
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PMID:17146788 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
2872 |
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Author |
Macholc, E.J.A. |
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Title |
Equine interspecies aggression |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
The Veterinary record |
Abbreviated Journal |
Vet. Rec. |
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Volume |
159 |
Issue |
24 |
Pages |
824 |
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Keywords |
*Aggression; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Chickens; Ducks; *Horses; Species Specificity |
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0042-4900 |
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PMID:17158722 |
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1778 |
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