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	Author	Beckers, T.; Miller, R.R.; De Houwer, J.; Urushihara, K.
	Title	Reasoning rats: forward blocking in Pavlovian animal conditioning is sensitive to constraints of causal inference			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. General	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Gen
	Volume	135	Issue	1	Pages	92-102
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Cognition; Conditioning, Classical; Cues; Fear; Female; Inhibition (Psychology); Male; Motivation; Problem Solving; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
	Abstract	Forward blocking is one of the best-documented phenomena in Pavlovian animal conditioning. According to contemporary associative learning theories, forward blocking arises directly from the hardwired basic learning rules that govern the acquisition or expression of associations. Contrary to this view, here the authors demonstrate that blocking in rats is flexible and sensitive to constraints of causal inference, such as violation of additivity and ceiling considerations. This suggests that complex cognitive processes akin to causal inferential reasoning are involved in a well-established Pavlovian animal conditioning phenomenon commonly attributed to the operation of basic associative processes.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, NY, USA. tom.beckers@psy.kuleuven.be
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0096-3445	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16478318			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	155
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Sovrano, V.A.; Bisazza, A.; Vallortigara, G.
	Title	How fish do geometry in large and in small spaces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	47-54
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Color Perception; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Distance Perception; Fishes; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Social Environment; *Space Perception; Visual Perception
	Abstract	It has been shown that children and non-human animals seem to integrate geometric and featural information to different extents in order to reorient themselves in environments of different spatial scales. We trained fish (redtail splitfins, Xenotoca eiseni) to reorient to find a corner in a rectangular tank with a distinctive featural cue (a blue wall). Then we tested fish after displacement of the feature on another adjacent wall. In the large enclosure, fish chose the two corners with the feature, and also tended to choose among them the one that maintained the correct arrangement of the featural cue with respect to geometric sense (i.e. left-right position). In contrast, in the small enclosure, fish chose both the two corners with the features and the corner, without any feature, that maintained the correct metric arrangement of the walls with respect to geometric sense. Possible reasons for species differences in the use of geometric and non-geometric information are discussed.
	Address	Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. valeriaanna.sovrano@unipd.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16794851			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2462
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	Author	Cole, P.D.; Adamo, S.A.
	Title	Cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis: Cephalopoda) hunting behavior and associative learning			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	27-30
	Keywords	Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Association Learning; Conditioning, Classical; Female; Male; Mollusca; Photic Stimulation; *Predatory Behavior
	Abstract	Because most learning studies in cephalopods have been performed on octopods, it remains unclear whether such abilities are specific to octopus, or whether they correlate with having a larger and more centrally organized brain. To investigate associative learning in a different cephalopod, six sexually mature cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) participated in a counterbalanced, within-subjects, appetitive, classical conditioning procedure. Two plastic spheres (conditioned stimuli, CSs), differing in brightness, were presented sequentially. Presentation of the CS+ was followed 5 s later by a live feeder fish (unconditioned stimulus, US). Cuttlefish began to attack the CS+ with the same type of food-acquisition seizures used to capture the feeder fish. After seven blocks of training (42 presentations of each CS) the difference in seizure probability between CS+ and CS- trials more than doubled; and was found to be significantly higher in late versus early blocks. These results indicate that cuttlefish exhibit autoshaping under some conditions. The possible ecological significance of this type of learning is briefly discussed.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15592760			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2500
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	Author	Osthaus, B.; Lea, S.E.G.; Slater, A.M.
	Title	Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) fail to show understanding of means-end connections in a string-pulling task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	37-47
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Cognition; Dogs/psychology; Problem Solving
	Abstract	Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) were tested in four experiments for their understanding of means-end connections. In each of the experiments, the dogs attempted to retrieve a food treat that could be seen behind a barrier and which was connected, via string, to a within-reach wooden block. In the experiments, either one or two strings were present, but the treat was attached only to one string. Successful retrieval of the treat required the animals to pull the appropriate string (either by pawing or by grasping the wooden block in their jaws) until the treat emerged from under the barrier. The results showed that the dogs were successful if the treat was in a perpendicular line to the barrier, i.e. straight ahead, but not when the string was at an angle: in the latter condition, the typical response was a proximity error in that the dogs pawed or mouthed at a location closest in line to the treat. When two strings that crossed were present, the dogs tended to pull on the wrong string. The combined results from the experiments show that, although dogs can learn to pull on a string to obtain food, they do not spontaneously understand means-end connections involving strings.
	Address	School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, UK. b.osthaus@exeter.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15338446			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2513
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	Author	O'Connell, S.; Dunbar, R.I.M.
	Title	The perception of causality in chimpanzees (Pan spp.)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	1	Pages	60-66
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Awareness; Concept Formation; Female; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Pan paniscus/psychology; Pan troglodytes/*psychology; Perception
	Abstract	Chimpanzees (Pan spp.) were tested on a habituation/dishabituation paradigm that was originally developed to test for comprehension of causality in very young human infants. Three versions of the test were used: a food item being moved by a hand, a human pushing another human off a chair to obtain a food item, and a film clip of natural chimpanzee behaviour (capturing and eating a monkey). Chimpanzees exhibited similar results to those obtained with human infants, with significantly elevated levels of looking on the dishabituation trials. Since the level of response was significantly greater on natural/unnatural sequences than on unnatural/natural sequences, we conclude that the chimpanzees were not responding just to novelty but rather to events that infringed their sense of natural causation.
	Address	Evolutionary Psychology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15322943			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2514
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	Author	Byrne, R.W.; Bates, L.A.
	Title	Why are animals cognitive?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Current Biology : CB	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Biol
	Volume	16	Issue	12	Pages	R445-8
	Keywords	Animals; Arachnida/physiology; Association Learning; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Cooperative Behavior; Falconiformes/physiology; Pan troglodytes/physiology; Parrots/physiology; Passeriformes/physiology
	Abstract
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, and Scottish Primate Research Group, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, Scotland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0960-9822	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16781995			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4708
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	Author	Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Place versus response learning revisited: tests of blocking on the radial maze			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Behavioral neuroscience	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Neurosci
	Volume	119	Issue	2	Pages	567-586
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Male; Maze Learning; Memory; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Reproducibility of Results
	Abstract	Neurobiological and behavioral research indicates that place learning and response learning occur simultaneously, in parallel. Such findings seem to conflict with theories of associative learning in which different cues compete for learning. The authors conducted place+response training on a radial maze and then tested place learning and response learning separately by reconfiguring the maze in various ways. Consistent with the effects of manipulating place and response systems in the brain (M. G. Packard & J. L. McGaugh, 1996), well-trained rats showed strong place learning and strong response learning. Three experiments using associative blocking paradigms indicated that prior response learning interferes with place learning. Blocking and related tests can be used to better understand how memory systems interact during learning.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824-3567, USA. bgibson@cisunix.unh.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7044	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15839803			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	362
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	Author	Gibson, B.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Competition among spatial cues in a naturalistic food-carrying task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Learning & behavior : a Psychonomic Society publication	Abbreviated Journal	Learn Behav
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	143-159
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Appetitive Behavior; Association Learning; Attention; Choice Behavior; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans; Space Perception; *Spatial Behavior
	Abstract	Rats collected nuts from a container in a large arena in four experiments testing how learning about a beacon or cue at a goal interacts with learning about other spatial cues (place learning). Place learning was quick, with little evidence of competition from the beacon (Experiments 1 and 2). Rats trained to approach a beacon regardless of its location were subsequently impaired when the well-learned beacon was removed and other spatial cues identified the location of the goal (Experiment 3). The competition between beacon and place cues reflected learned irrelevance for place cues (Experiment 4). The findings differ from those of some studies of associative interactions between cue and place learning in other paradigms.
	Address	University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1543-4494	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12882373			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	368
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	Author	Caldwell, C.A.; Whiten, A.
	Title	Testing for social learning and imitation in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, using an artificial fruit			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	2	Pages	77-85
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Callithrix/psychology; Discrimination Learning; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; Fruit; Imitative Behavior; Male; *Social Behavior; Social Environment
	Abstract	We tested for social learning and imitation in common marmosets using an artificial foraging task and trained conspecific demonstrators. We trained a demonstrator marmoset to open an artificial fruit, providing a full demonstration of the task to be learned. Another marmoset provided a partial demonstration, controlling for stimulus enhancement effects, by eating food from the outside of the apparatus. We thus compared three observer groups, each consisting of four animals: those that received the full demonstration, those that received the partial demonstration, and a control group that saw no demonstration prior to testing. Although none of the observer marmosets succeeded in opening the artificial fruit during the test periods, there were clear effects of demonstration type. Those that saw the full demonstration manipulated the apparatus more overall, whereas those from the control group manipulated it the least of the three groups. Those from the full-demonstration group also contacted the particular parts of the artificial fruit that they had seen touched (localised stimulus enhancement) to a greater extent than the other two groups. There was also an interaction between the number of hand and mouth touches made to the artificial fruit for the full- and partial-demonstration groups. Whether or not these data represent evidence for imitation is discussed. We also propose that the clear differences between the groups suggest that social learning mechanisms provide real benefits to these animals in terms of developing novel food-processing skills analogous to the one presented here.
	Address	Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JU, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. C.A.Caldwell@exeter.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15069606			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	735
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	Author	Santos, L.R.; Pearson, H.M.; Spaepen, G.M.; Tsao, F.; Hauser, M.D.
	Title	Probing the limits of tool competence: experiments with two non-tool-using species (Cercopithecus aethiops and Saguinus oedipus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	2	Pages	94-109
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Cercopithecus aethiops; Cognition; Female; Intelligence; Male; Motor Skills; *Problem Solving; Saguinus; Species Specificity
	Abstract	Non-human animals vary in their ability to make and use tools. The goal of the present study was to further explore what, if anything, differs between tool-users and non-tool-users, and whether these differences lie in the conceptual or motor domain. We tested two species that typically do not use tools-cotton top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) and vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)-on problems that mirrored those designed for prolific tool users such as chimpanzees. We trained subjects on a task in which they could choose one of two canes to obtain an out-of-reach food reward. After training, subjects received several variations on the original task, each designed to examine a specific conceptual aspect of the pulling problem previously studied in other tool-using species. Both species recognized that effective pulling tools must be made of rigid materials. Subsequent conditions revealed significant species differences, with vervets outperforming tamarins across many conditions. Vervets, but not tamarins, had some recognition of the relationship between a tool's orientation and the position of the food reward, the relationship between a tool's trajectory and the substance that it moves on, and that tools must be connected in order to work properly. These results provide further evidence that tool-use may derive from domain-general, rather than domain-specific cognitive capacities that evolved for tool use per se.
	Address	Department of Psychology, Yale University, Box 208205, New Haven, CT, USA. laurie.santos@yale.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16341524			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2478
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