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Author |
Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Early Experiential Effects on Laterality: Research on Chicks has Relevance to Other Species |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Laterality |
Abbreviated Journal |
Laterality |
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2 |
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3-4 |
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199-219 |
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Abstract |
The influence of early experience on the development of lateralisation of hemispheric function was further investigated, using the chick as a model. A range of functions are lateralised in the chick and these correlate with asymmetry in the organisation of the visual projections. Chicks using the right eye and, therefore, primarily the left hemisphere are able to switch from pecking randomly at grain and pebbles to pecking mainly at grain, whereas those using the left eye and primarily the right hemisphere continue to peck at random. Exposure to light during the last days of incubation establishes this lateralisation in males, as a consequence of the embryo being oriented in the egg so that the left eye only is occluded. Males incubated in the dark peck at random when using either the right or left eye. Irrespective of light experience, females perform the same as darkincubated males: they are not influenced by light exposure. Monocular performance of the pebble-grain task is compared to binocular performance, and the sensitive period for the influence of light is delineated. The interactive effects of sex hormone levels on the differentiation of lateralisation are discussed and also the relevance of the results to other species, including humans. |
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Psychology Press |
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1357-650x |
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doi: 10.1080/713754277 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5587 |
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Author |
Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Evolution of hemispheric specialization: advantages and disadvantages |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Brain and Language |
Abbreviated Journal |
Brain Lang |
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Volume |
73 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
236-253 |
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Keywords |
Aggression/psychology; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Brain/*physiology; Chickens/physiology; *Evolution; Feeding Behavior/physiology; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Visual Fields/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology |
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Abstract |
Lateralization of the brain appeared early in evolution and many of its features appear to have been retained, possibly even in humans. We now have a considerable amount of information on the different forms of lateralization in a number of species, and the commonalities of these are discussed, but there has been relatively little investigation of the advantages of being lateralized. This article reports new findings on the differences between lateralized and nonlateralized chicks. The lateralized chicks were exposed to light for 24 h on day 19 of incubation, a treatment known to lead to lateralization of a number of visually guided responses, and the nonlateralized chicks were incubated in the dark. When they were feeding, the lateralized chicks were found to detect a stimulus resembling a raptor with shorter latency than nonlateralized chicks. This difference was not a nonspecific effect caused by the light-exposed chicks being more distressed by the stimulus. Instead, it appears to be a genuine advantage conferred by having a lateralized brain. It is suggested that having a lateralized brain allows dual attention to the tasks of feeding (right eye and left hemisphere) and vigilance for predators (left eye and right hemisphere). Nonlateralized chicks appear to perform these dual tasks less efficiently than lateralized ones. Reference is made to other species in discussing these results. |
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Division of Zoology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. lrogers@metz.une.edu.au |
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0093-934X |
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PMID:10856176 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4621 |
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Author |
Kaplan, G.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Patterns of Gazing in Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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International Journal of Primatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Int. J. Primatol. |
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23 |
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3 |
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501-526 |
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Eyes play an important role in communication amongst humans and animals. However, relatively little is known about specific differences in eye morphology amongst primates and how these features might be associated with social structure and direction of gaze. We present a detailed study of gazing and eye morphology-exposed sclera and surrounding features in orangutans. We measured gazing in rehabilitating orangutans in two contexts: interspecific viewing of the experimenter (with video camera) and intraspecific gazing (between subjects). Our findings show that direct staring is avoided and social looking is limited to certain age/social categories: juveniles engage in more looking at other orangutans than do adults or infants. While orangutans use eye movements in social communication, they avoid the more prolonged mutual gaze that is characteristic of humans, and also apparent in chimpanzees and gorillas. Detailed frame-by-frame analysis of videotapes from field and zoo studies of orangutans revealed that they pay visual attention to both human observers and conspecifics by glancing sideways, with the head turned at an angle away from the subject being observed. Mutual gaze was extremely rare, and we have observed only two incidences of gaze following. Orangutans in captivity appear to use a more restricted pattern of gazes compared to free-living, rehabilitating ones, possibly suggesting the presence of a pathological condition (such as depression) in the captive subjects. Our findings have implications for further investigations of social communication and cognition in orangutans. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3398 |
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Author |
Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Advantages and disadvantages of lateralization |
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Book Chapter |
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2002 |
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126-153 |
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Cambridge University Press |
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New York |
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L. J. Rogers,; R. Andrew, |
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9780521781619 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ L.J.Rogers+R.Andrew(eds)2002 |
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4624 |
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Author |
Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Evolution of Side Biases: Motor versus Sensory Lateralization |
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Book Chapter |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Side Bias: A Neuropsychological Perspective |
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3-40-40 |
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Keywords |
Medicine & Public Health |
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Springer Netherlands |
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Mandal, M.K.; Bulman-Fleming, M.B.; Tiwari, G. |
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978-0-306-46884-1 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5357 |
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Author |
Robins, A.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Lateralized prey-catching responses in the cane toad, Bufo marinus: analysis of complex visual stimuli |
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2004 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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68 |
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4 |
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767-775 |
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We tested the responses of Bufo marinus to prey stimuli of varying visual complexity that were moved around the toads in either a clockwise or anticlockwise direction at 1.7 revolutions/min. Predatory responses directed at prey resembling an insect were frequent when the model insect moved clockwise across the visual midline into the right visual hemifield. In contrast, the toads tended to ignore such stimuli when they moved anticlockwise across the midline into the left hemifield. No such lateralization was found when a rectangular strip moved along its longest axis was presented in a similar way. The toads also directed more responses towards the latter stimulus than towards the insect prey. Hence, the results suggest that lateralized predatory responses occur for considered decisions on whether or not to respond to complex insect-like stimuli, but not for decisions on comparatively simple stimuli. We discuss similarities between the lateralized feeding responses of B. marinus and those of avian species, as support for the hypothesis that lateralized brain function in tetrapods may have arisen from a common lateralized ancestor. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5365 |
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Author |
McGreevy, P.D.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Motor and sensory laterality in thoroughbred horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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92 |
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4 |
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337-352 |
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Keywords |
Horse; Lateralisation; Training; Olfaction; Forelimb preference |
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We investigated lateralisation in horses because it is likely to be important in training and athletic performance. Thoroughbred horses (n = 106) were observed every 60 s for 2 h, when they were at pasture, and the position of the forelimbs in relation to one another was recorded. There was a population bias skewed to standing with the left forelimb advanced over the right (i.e. directional lateralisation). Using the first 50 observations, the distribution of preferences was 43 significantly left, 10 significantly right with 53 being non-significant (i.e. ambidextextrous). The strength of motor bias increased with age, suggesting maturation or an influence of training. The horses were also presented with an olfactory stimulus (stallion faeces) to score the tendency to use one nostril rather than the other. A significant preference to use the right nostril first was shown in horses under 4 years of age (n = 61) but not in older horses. Of the 157 horses tested for nostril bias, 76 had been assessed for motor bias and so were used for analysis of the relationship between laterality in the two modalities. There was no significant relationship between direction of foreleg motor bias and first nostril used, total number of inhalations or laterality index of nostril use. The absence of a correlation between laterality of nostril use and motor bias indicates that lateralisation of the equine brain occurs on at least two levels of neural organisation--sensory and motor--a finding that is consistent with other examples of lateralisation in species that have been examined in more detail. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room 3.029 |
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1827 |
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Author |
Vallortigara, G.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Survival with an asymmetrical brain: advantages and disadvantages of cerebral lateralization |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
Publication |
The Behavioral and Brain Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Brain Sci |
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28 |
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4 |
Pages |
575-89; discussion 589-633 |
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Animals; Attention/*physiology; Behavior/*physiology; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Dominance, Cerebral/*physiology; *Evolution; Humans; Models, Biological; Visual Perception/physiology |
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Recent evidence in natural and semi-natural settings has revealed a variety of left-right perceptual asymmetries among vertebrates. These include preferential use of the left or right visual hemifield during activities such as searching for food, agonistic responses, or escape from predators in animals as different as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. There are obvious disadvantages in showing such directional asymmetries because relevant stimuli may be located to the animal's left or right at random; there is no a priori association between the meaning of a stimulus (e.g., its being a predator or a food item) and its being located to the animal's left or right. Moreover, other organisms (e.g., predators) could exploit the predictability of behavior that arises from population-level lateral biases. It might be argued that lateralization of function enhances cognitive capacity and efficiency of the brain, thus counteracting the ecological disadvantages of lateral biases in behavior. However, such an increase in brain efficiency could be obtained by each individual being lateralized without any need to align the direction of the asymmetry in the majority of the individuals of the population. Here we argue that the alignment of the direction of behavioral asymmetries at the population level arises as an “evolutionarily stable strategy” under “social” pressures occurring when individually asymmetrical organisms must coordinate their behavior with the behavior of other asymmetrical organisms of the same or different species. |
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Department of Psychology and B.R.A.I.N. Centre for Neuroscience, University of Trieste, 34123 Trieste, Italy. vallorti@univ.trieste.it |
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0140-525X |
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PMID:16209828 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4622 |
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Author |
Larose, C.; Richard-Yris, M.-A.; Hausberger, M.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Title |
Laterality of horses associated with emotionality in novel situations |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Laterality |
Abbreviated Journal |
Laterality |
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11 |
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4 |
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355-367 |
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Affect/*physiology; Animals; Brain/*physiology; Female; Functional Laterality/*physiology; Horses; Male; *Social Behavior; *Social Environment |
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We have established that lateral biases are characteristic of visual behaviour in 65 horses. Two breeds, Trotters and French Saddlebreds aged 2 to 3, were tested on a novel object test. The main finding was a significant correlation between emotionality index and the eye preferred to view the novel stimulus: the higher the emotionality, the more likely that the horse looked with its left eye. The less emotive French Saddlebreds, however, tended to glance at the object using the right eye, a tendency that was not found in the Trotters, although the emotive index was the same for both breeds. The youngest French Saddlebreds did not show this trend. These results are discussed in relation to the different training practices for the breeds and broader findings on lateralisation in different species. |
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Universite de Rennes 1, France |
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1357-650X |
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PMID:16754236 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029 |
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1826 |
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Author |
Branson, N.J.; Rogers, L.J. |
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Relationship between paw preference strength and noise phobia in Canis familiaris |
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Journal Article |
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2006 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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120 |
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3 |
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176-183 |
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noise phobia; lateralization; paw preference; dog; fear |
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The authors investigated the relationship between degree of lateralization and noise phobia in 48 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) by scoring paw preference to hold a food object and relating it to reactivity to the sounds of thunderstorms and fireworks, measured by playback and a questionnaire. The dogs without a significant paw preference were significantly more reactive to the sounds than the dogs with either a left-paw or right-paw preference. Intense reactivity, therefore, is associated with a weaker strength of cerebral lateralization. The authors note the similarity between their finding and the weaker hand preferences shown in humans suffering extreme levels of anxiety and suggest neural mechanisms that may be involved. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Branson, N. J.: Centre for Neuroscience and Animal Behavior, School of Biological, Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, nbranson@une.edu.au |
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US: American Psychological Association |
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1939-2087 (Electronic); 0735-7036 (Print) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ 2006-09888-002 |
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5384 |
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