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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Keiper, R.
	Title	The position of the stallion in the equine dominance hierarchy of feral and domestic ponies.			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci
	Volume	54	Issue	5	Pages	945-950
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	668
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Law, K.; Martinisi, V.
	Title	Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1978	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	273-283
	Keywords
	Abstract	Dominance hierarchies were studied in 11 herds of domestic horses and ponies (Equus caballus). A paired feeding test was utilized to establish the dominance--subordination relationship between each pair of animals in a herd. Aggressive actions, threats, bites, kicks and chases were also recorded. In small herds linear hierarchies were formed, but in large herds triangular relationships were observed. Aggression was correlated with dominance rank. Body weight, but not age, appear to affect rank in the equine hierarchy. Juvenile horses were more likely to share feed with each other than were adult horses and were usually subordinate to adult horses. The daughters of a dominant mare were dominant within their own herds.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	682
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Northrup, N.; Wheatley, T.; Houpt, T.R.
	Title	Thirst and salt appetite in horses treated with furosemide			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)	Abbreviated Journal	J Appl Physiol
	Volume	71	Issue	6	Pages	2380-2386
	Keywords	Animals; Appetite/drug effects; Blood Volume; Diuresis; Drinking/drug effects; Female; Furosemide/pharmacology; Horses; Natriuresis; Sodium, Dietary/administration & dosage; Thirst/drug effects
	Abstract	When a preliminary experiment in sodium-replete ponies revealed an increase, but not a significant increase, in salt consumption after furosemide treatment, the experiment was repeated using sodium-deficient horses in which aldosterone levels might be expected to be elevated to test the hypothesis that a background of aldosterone is necessary for salt appetite. Ten Standardbred mares were injected intravenously with furosemide or an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride as a control to test the effect of furosemide on their salt appetite and blood constituents. Sodium intake and sodium loss in urine, as well as water intake and urine output, were measured and compared to determine accuracy of compensation for natriuresis and diuresis. Plasma protein and packed cell volume showed significant increases in response to furosemide treatment (F = 29.31, P less than 0.001 and F = 11.20, P less than 0.001, respectively). There were no significant changes in plasma sodium concentration or osmolality in response to the treatment (P greater than 0.05). The furosemide-treated horses consumed 126 +/- 14.8 g salt, significantly more than when they were given the control injection (94.5 +/- 9.8 g; t = 2.22, P = 0.05). In response to furosemide, horses lost 962 +/- 79.7 and consumed 2,170 +/- 5 meq sodium; however, compared with control, they lost 955 meq more sodium and ingested only 570 meq more sodium, so they were undercompensating for natriuresis. The furosemide-treated horses drank 9.6 +/- 0.8 kg of water, significantly more than when they received the control injection (6.4 +/- 0.8 kg; t = 6.9, P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8750-7587	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1778936			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	38
Permanent link to this record



	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Parsons, M.S.; Hintz, H.F.
	Title	Learning ability of orphan foals, of normal foals and of their mothers			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	55	Issue	5	Pages	1027-1032
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animals; Body Weight; Dominance-Subordination; Female; Horses/physiology; Learning; Maternal Deprivation; Mothers/psychology
	Abstract	The maze learning ability of six pony foals that had been weaned at birth was compared to that of six foals reared normally. The foals' learning ability was also compared to their mothers' learning ability at the same task; the correct turn in a single choice point maze. The maze learning test was conducted when the foals were 6 to 8 mo old and after the mothered foals had been weaned. There was no significant difference between the ability of orphaned (weaned at birth) and mothered foals in their ability to learn to turn left (6 +/- .7 and 5.1 +/- .1 trials, respectively) or to learn the reversal, to turn right (6.7 +/- .6 and 6.2 +/- .6 trials, respectively). The orphan foals spent significantly more time in the maze in their first exposure to it than the mothered foals (184 +/- 42 vs 55 +/- 15 s. Mann Whitney U = 7, P less than .05). The mothers of the foals (n = 11) learned to turn left as rapidly as the foals (5.9 +/- .7 trials), but they were slower to learn to turn right (9.8 +/- 1.4 vs 6.4 +/- .4 trials, Mann Whitney U = 33, P less than .05), indicating that the younger horses learned more rapidly. There was no correlation between the trials to criteria of the mare and those of her foal, but there was a significant negative correlation between rank in trials to criteria and age (r = -65, P less than .05) when data from the mare and foal trials were combined. The dominance hierarchy of the mares was determined using a paired feeding test in which two horses competed for one bucket of feed. Although there was no correlation between rank in the hierarchy and maze learning ability, there was a correlation between body weight and rank in the hierarchy (r = .7, P less than .05). This may indicate either that heavier horses are likely to be dominant or that horses high in dominance gain more weight. Maternal deprivation did not appear to seriously retard learning of a simple maze by foals, although the orphans moved more slowly initially. The lack of maternal influence on learning is also reflected in the lack of correlation between the mare's learning ability and that of her foal. Young horses appear to learn more rapidly than older horses.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7174546			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	58
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Perry, P.J.; Hintz, H.F.; Houpt, T.R.
	Title	Effect of meal frequency on fluid balance and behavior of ponies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Physiology & behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Physiol. Behav.
	Volume	42	Issue	5	Pages	401-407
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Blood Proteins/analysis; Eating; Female; Hematocrit; Horses/blood/physiology; Osmolar Concentration; Water-Electrolyte Balance
	Abstract	Twelve ponies were fed their total daily ration either as one large meal or divided into six small meals. Pre- and post-feeding behavior was recorded six times a day. Blood samples were taken for 30 min before and two hr after the meal. Plasma protein increased from 7.0 to a peak of 7.3 g/dl with small meals and from 7.3 to 8.1 g/dl with large meals, and returned to pre-feeding levels by 90 min post-feeding. Hematocrit rose from 33.3 to 34.1% with small meals and from 33.0 to 36.0% with large meals. These rapid and short-lived increases indicate a decrease in plasma volume. Plasma osmolality rose with feeding from 283 to 285 mosmoles/kg with small meals and from 281 to 288 mosmoles/kg with large meals. Water availability had no significant effect on blood changes. Digestibility and rate of passage were measured with chromic oxide, but there were no differences. Vocalizing (neighing) and walking occurred more often before than after feeding, while eating bedding and engaging in other oral behaviors were more frequent after feeding.
	Address	Department of Physiology, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3393599			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	47
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Rudman, R.
	Title	Foreword to special issue on equine behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	78	Issue	2-4	Pages	83-85
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	1986
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Smith, R.
	Title	Animal behavior case of the month			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Vet Med Assoc
	Volume	203	Issue	3	Pages	377-378
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Animals, Zoo/psychology; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/psychology; *Weaning
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-1488	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8226214			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	37
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Thornton, S.N.; Allen, W.R.
	Title	Vasopressin in dehydrated and rehydrated ponies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Physiology & behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Physiol. Behav.
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	659-661
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Dehydration/blood; Drinking Behavior/physiology; Female; Horses/blood; Osmolar Concentration; Reaction Time; Time Factors; Vasopressins/*blood
	Abstract	Six pony mares deprived of water for 24 hours showed significant increases in plasma vasopressin (2.8 pg/ml) and osmolality (9 mosmol/kg). When water was made available the ponies drank rapidly (5 of 6 drank to satiety within 90 seconds) and corrected their fluid deficits precisely. Vasopressin did not return to predehydration levels until osmolality did after 15 minutes of access to water. The horse differs from rodents and humans, but is similar to pigs in that vasopressin levels do not fall before osmolality returns to normal. Oropharyngeal factors, therefore, may not be as important in vasopressin release in horses as in other species.
	Address	New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2756059			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	45
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Wolski, T.R.
	Title	Stability of equine hierarchies and the prevention of dominance related aggression			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1980	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	15-18
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Feeding Behavior; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Horses; Humans; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Social Dominance
	Abstract	The dominance hierarchy of a herd of 10 Thoroughbred mares was determined twice, at an interval of 18 months, using paired feeding tests. Each mare's rank was correlated significantly between the 2 tests. This indicated that the hierarchy within the herd was stable. The offspring of dominant and subordinate mares were also tested for dominance in their own age groups. The offspring of dominant mares tended to be near the top of the hierarchy while those of middle and low ranking mares were not consistently found in the middle or bottom of their own hierarchies. Paired feeding tests were carried out on 8 ponies. During tests the time that each pony spent eating and the ponies' aggressive interactions were recorded. Two situations were used. Each pony-pair was tested when both ponies were in the same paddock and also when they were separated by a rail fence. The subordinate ponies spent significantly more time eating and the domonant pony was significantly less aggressive, when the pony-pair was separated by a fence than when they were in one paddock. It was concluded that the dominance hierarchies of adult horse groups changed very little over time and that the foals of dominant mares will tend to be dominant in their own age groups. Management practices can be used to reduce aggression and consequent injury that may arise in group feeding situations.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7189148			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	59
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Zahorik, D.M.; Swartzman-Andert, J.A.
	Title	Taste aversion learning in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Journal of animal science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	68	Issue	8	Pages	2340-2344
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Feeding Behavior/psychology; Food Preferences; Horses/physiology/psychology; *Taste
	Abstract	The ability of ponies to learn to avoid a relatively novel food associated with illness was tested in three situations: when illness occurred immediately after consuming a feed; when illness occurred 30 min after consuming a feed; and when illness was contingent upon eating one of three feeds offered simultaneously. Apomorphine was used to produce illness. The feeds associated with illness were corn, alfalfa pellets, sweet feed and a complete pelleted feed. The ponies learned to avoid all the fees except the complete feed when apomorphine injection immediately followed consumption of the feed. However, the ponies did not learn to avoid a feed if apomorphine was delayed 30 min after feed consumption. They could learn to avoid alfalfa pellets, but not corn, when these feeds were presented with the familiar “safe foods,” oats and soybean meal. Ponies apparently are able to learn a taste aversion, but there were constraints on this learning ability. Under the conditions of this study, they did not learn to avoid a food that made them sick long after consumption of the food, and they had more difficulty learning to avoid highly palatable feeds.
	Address	Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2401656			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	41
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