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Andersson, P.; Kvassman, J.; Lindstrom, A.; Olden, B.; Pettersson, G. |
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Title |
Effect of NADH on the pKa of zinc-bound water in liver alcohol dehydrogenase |
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1981 |
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European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS |
Abbreviated Journal |
Eur J Biochem |
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Volume |
113 |
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3 |
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425-433 |
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Alcohol Oxidoreductases/*metabolism; Aldehydes/metabolism; Animals; Binding Sites; Cinnamates/metabolism; Horses; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Ligands; Liver/*metabolism; NAD/*metabolism; Water/metabolism; Zinc/metabolism |
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Equilibrium constants for coenzyme binding to liver alcohol dehydrogenase have been determined over the pH range 10--12 by pH-jump stop-flow techniques. The binding of NADH or NAD+ requires the protonated form of an ionizing group (distinct from zinc-bound water) with a pKa of 10.4. Complex formation with NADH exhibits an additional dependence on the protonation state of an ionizing group with a pKa of 11.2. The binding of trans-N,N-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde to the enzyme . NADH complex is prevented by ionization of the latter group. It is concluded from these results that the pKa-11.2-dependence of NADH binding most likely derives from ionization of the water molecule bound at the catalytic zinc ion of the enzyme subunit. The pKa value of 11.2 thus assigned to zinc-bound water in the enzyme . NADH complex appears to be typical for an aquo ligand in the inner-sphere ligand field provided by the zinc-binding amino acid residues in liver alcohol dehydrogenase. This means that the pKa of metal-bound water in zinc-containing enzymes can be assumed to correlate primarily with the number of negatively charged protein ligands coordinated by the active-site zinc ion. |
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0014-2956 |
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PMID:7011796 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3810 |
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McCall, C.A.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Ingram, R.S. |
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Title |
Learning abilities in yearling horses using the Hebb-Williams closed field maze |
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1981 |
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J. Anim. Sci. |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim. Sci. |
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53 |
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4 |
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928-933 |
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Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 24 October 2008 |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4613 |
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Parker, G.A.; Rubenstein, D.I. |
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Title |
Role assessment, reserve strategy, and acquisition of information in asymmetric animal conflicts |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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29 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
221-240 |
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It was formerly argued that alternative evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs) are possible for animal contests characterized by some asymmetry that can be perceived with perfect accuracy. Where roles A and B refer to the asymmetry between opponents, ESSs are: [`]fight when A, retreat when B', and vice versa. Either can be an ESS, but only if the [`]reserve strategy' (=what an animal does when it fights) is sufficiently damaging. We examine the [`]war of attrition' (winner = opponent that persists longer). In a population at either ESS, reserve strategy is never normally shown; it is therefore subject to drift unless the selective action of rare individuals which break the convention is considered. These could arise either by mutation or by mistakes in role assessment. When mutations and mistakes simply specify that occasionally an animal fights when it [`]should' retreat, selection adjusts reserve strategy to a level where only one ESS (the [`]commonsense' ESS) is possible, if the asymmetry is relevant to payoff. Thus for asymmetries in fighting ability or resource value, the individual with the lower score will retreat. However, we are particularly concerned with cases where both payoff-relevant aspects (fighting ability and resource value) are asymmetric. If opponents sustain contest costs at rates KA and KB, and their resource values are VA and VB, an [`]optimal assessor' strategy defined by the interaction between the two asymmetries, is a unique ESS. It obeys the rule [`]fight on estimating role A, where VA/KA>VB/KB; retreat in B'. If mistakes can occur in both roles, but are very rate, the ESS is not fundamentally altered though there will be infinitesimal tendencies for persisting in role B. Selection to improve assessment abilities intensifies as abilities improve, but is weak if roles A and B are rather similar. Over a range of similarity between roles, an [`]owner wins' convention may be adopted if ownership correlates positively with role A and an individual cannot tell when it would otherwise pay him to break the convention. We also examine a contest in which information about roles can be acquired only during a contest itself, and at a cost. Much depends on the rate at which information is acquired relative to the rate at which costs are expended, and on whether contests normally escalate in intensity, remain at the same level, or de-escalate. Selection favours short contests when costs are high relative to resource value, where the outcome of a round contains much information about fighting ability, and where the actual disparity in fighting ability is large. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5325 |
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Author |
Mace, G.M.; Harvey, P.H.; Clutton-Brock, T.H. |
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Title |
Brain size and ecology in small mammals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1981 |
Publication |
Journal of Zoology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Zool |
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Volume |
193 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
333-354 |
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Relative brain size (measured as gross brain size after body size effects are removed) differs systematically between families of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The Sciuridae have the largest relative brain size, the Soricidae and Bathyergidae the smallest. These results are discussed and compared with previous analyses of relative brain sizes among primates and bats. These differences complicate comparisons between relative brain size across phylogenetically diverse species and attempts to relate differences in relative brain size to ecological variables. To overcome these problems, best fit relationships were estimated for each family, and values for each genus were expressed as deviations from the lines of best fit. We refer to these values as Comparative Brain Size (CBS). Differences in CBS are related to differences in habitat type (forest-dwelling genera have larger CBS' than grassland forms), in diet (folivores have smaller CBS' than generalists or insectivores, frugivores and granivores), in zonation (arboreal genera have larger CBS' than terrestrial ones) and in activity timing (nocturnal genera have larger CBS' than dirurnal ones). However, these ecological categories are interrelated and, when the effects of other ecological differences are taken into account using analyses of variance, only the differences associated with diet, and possibly habitat remain. |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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1469-7998 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5455 |
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Author |
Arnold Gw, G.A. |
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Title |
Ethogram of agonistic behaviour for thoroughbred horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
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8 |
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1 |
Pages |
5-25 |
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Social interactions between individual horses were observed in two herds each comprising a stallion and a number of mares. In one herd, the animals were observed whilst grazing and resting; in the other, nearest neighbours were recorded when the animals were grazing, and social interactions were noted when the animals were feeding on hay.
In both herds, the horses showed marked preferences for the company of specific individuals when they were grazing. In one herd, the associations were mainly between individuals that had been associated prior to being put in the herd. In the other herd, this was not the case. A new statistic was produced for testing for specific company preference. In both herds, the stallion was dominant over all mares and never received any aggression.
The complete social hierarchy could not be determined for the herd which was observed only when grazing because social contact was restricted to that within groups or pairs that associated together. In the herd to which hay was fed, a non-linear hierarchy existed. Statistics were produced to quantify both the general level of dominance of a horse and its specific dominance or subordination to every other horse. It is suggested that these statistics, and one for quantifying the general aggressiveness of a horse, could be widely used.
A principal component analysis allowed the horses to be characterised socially according to aggressiveness, their attitude to other horses and their attractiveness to other horses. |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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899 |
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Author |
Stahl, F.; Dorner, G. |
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Title |
Responses of salivary cortisol levels to stress-situations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Endokrinologie |
Abbreviated Journal |
Endokrinologie |
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Volume |
80 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
158-162 |
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Keywords |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/diagnostic use; Anxiety Disorders/metabolism; Circadian Rhythm; Cushing Syndrome/metabolism; Fear/physiology; Female; Humans; Hydrocortisone/*metabolism; Male; Pain/metabolism; Pregnancy; Saliva/*metabolism; Stress/*metabolism |
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A procedure is described for determining salivary cortisol levels by a competitive protein-binding assay using horse transcortin. The collection of saliva was performed by means of filter paper-strips. Filter paper samples are more than 5 days stable after air-drying. In this form, the samples could be stored without refrigerator or deep-freezer and, if necessary, sent by post to the laboratory without any special precaution. Stressful situation of either painful or anxious origin were associated with an adequate increase of salivary cortisol levels. The increases were 157 to 230% of the initial or normal values dependent on the kind of stress. The mean values in 4 cases of Cushing's syndrome were 380% and 1 hour after 25 I.U. ACTH 690% higher than those in normal persons. In normal persons, a well-defined circadian rhythm has been observed. |
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0013-7251 |
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PMID:6297880 |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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4056 |
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Author |
Frank, H.; Frank, M.G. |
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On the effects of domestication on canine social development and behavior |
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1982 |
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Appl Anim Ethol |
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8 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Frank1982 |
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6259 |
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Hogan, D.E.; Zentall, T.R.; Pace, G. |
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Title |
Control of pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by differential sample response requirements |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1983 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
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96 |
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1 |
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37-49 |
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Animals; Association; *Color Perception; Columbidae; Cues; *Discrimination Learning; Reinforcement Schedule; Time Factors |
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Pigeons were trained on a matching-to-sample task in which sample hue and required sample-specific observing behavior provided redundant, relevant cues for correct choices. On trials that involved red and yellow hues as comparison stimuli, a fixed-ratio 16 schedule (FR 16) was required to illuminate the comparisons when the sample was red, and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rates 3-sec schedule (DRL 3-sec) was required when the sample was yellow. On trials involving blue and green hues as comparison stimuli, an FR 16 schedule was required when the sample was blue and a DRL 3-sec schedule was required when the sample was green. For some pigeons, a 0-sec delay intervened between sample offset and comparison onset, whereas other pigeons experienced a random mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delay trials. Test trial performance at 0-sec delay indicated that sample-specific behavior controlled choice performance considerably more than sample hue did. Test performance was independent of whether original training involved all 0-sec delay trials or a mixture of 0-sec and 2-sec delays. Sample-specific observing response requirements appear to facilitate pigeons' matching-to-sample performance by strengthening associations between the observing response and correct choice. |
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0002-9556 |
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PMID:6859346 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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265 |
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Nallan, G.B.; Pace, G.M.; McCoy, D.F.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
The role of elicited responding in the feature-positive effect |
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Journal Article |
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1983 |
Publication |
The American journal of psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Psychol |
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96 |
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3 |
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377-390 |
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Animals; Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination (Psychology); Male; Practice (Psychology); Reinforcement (Psychology); Time Factors |
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Hearst and Jenkins proposed in 1974 that elicited responding accounts for the feature-positive effect. To test this position, pigeons were exposed to a feature-positive or feature-negative discrimination between successively presented displays--one consisted of a red and a green response key and the other consisted of two green response keys. There were four main conditions: 5-5 (5-sec trials, 5-sec intertrial intervals), 5-30, 30-30, and 30-180. Conditions 5-30 and 30-180 should produce the largest amount of elicited responding, and therefore the largest feature-positive effects. A response-independent bird was yoked to each response-dependent bird to allow direct assessment of the amount of elicited responding generated by each condition. Contrary to the predictions by Hearst and Jenkins's theory, response-dependent birds showed large feature-positive effects in each condition. The largest feature-positive effect was obtained in condition 5-5. Response-independent birds produced similar results, but manifested low response rates. |
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0002-9556 |
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PMID:6650707 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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266 |
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Baer, K.L.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Beaver, B.V. |
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Observation effects on learning in horses |
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1983 |
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Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
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11 |
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2 |
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123-129 |
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Sixteen horses, divided into 2 groups of 8, were used to study observational learning in horses. One group served as controls while the other group served as the treated group (observers). Observers were allowed to watch a correctly performed discrimination task for 5 days prior to testing their learning response using the same task. Discrimination testing was conducted on all horses daily for 14 days, with criterion set at 7 out of 8 responses correct with the last 5 consecutively correct. The maximum number of trials performed without reaching criterion was limited to 20 per day. Mean trials to criteria (MT) by group were: control, 11.25; observer, 10.70. Mean error (ME) scores were: control, 2.37; observer, 2.02. Average initial discrimination error scores were 11.13 for control and 10.38 for observers (P < 0.10). Asymptote was reached by Day 8 for both control and observer groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed an extreme-day effect indicative of learning (P < 0.01), with non-significant differences in learning rate between experimental groups. Whether the initial ability of the horses to perform a discrimination learning task was enhanced by observation of other horses' performance of that task was not obvious from these data. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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