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	Author	Chase, I.D.; Bartolomeo, C.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Aggressive interactions and inter-contest interval: how long do winners keep winning?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1994	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	48	Issue	2	Pages	393-400
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract. Considerable evidence across many taxa demonstrates that prior social experience affects the outcome of subsequent aggressive interactions. Although the 'loser effect', in which an individual losing one encounter is likely to lose the next, is relatively well understood, studies of the 'winner effect', in which winning one encounter increases the probability of winning the next, have produced mixed results. Earlier studies differ concerning whether a winner effect exists, and if it does, how long it lasts. The variation in results, however, may arise from different inter-contest intervals and procedures for selecting contestants employed across previous studies. These methodological differences are addressed through a series of experiments using randomly selected winners and three different inter-contest intervals in the pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus. The results indicate that a winner effect does in fact exist in pumpkinseed sunfish, but that it only lasts between 15 and 60 min. Based on these results, predictions about the behavioural dynamics of hierarchy formation are discussed, and it is suggested that it may be impossible, in principle, to predict the outcome of dominance interactions between some individuals before they are actually assembled to form a group. Finally, the possible mechanisms underlying the winner effect are explored.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	873
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.G.
	Title	*Reversal of female mate choice by copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	249	Issue	1325	Pages	179-184
	Keywords	Acclimatization; Animals; Choice Behavior; Female; Male; Poecilia; Sexual Behavior, Animal
	Abstract	Ever since Fisher (1958) formalized models of sexual selection, female mate choice has been assumed to be a genetically determined trait. Females, however, may also use social cues to select mates. One such cue might be the mate choice of conspecifics. Here we report the first direct evidence that a female's preference for a particular male can in fact be reversed by social cues. In our experiments using the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), this reversal was mediated by mate-copying opportunities, such that a female (the 'focal' female) is given the opportunity to choose between two males, followed by a period in which she observes a second female (the 'model' female) displaying a preference for the male she herself did not prefer initially. When allowed to choose between the same males a second time, compared with control tests, a significant proportion of focal females reversed their mate choice and copied the preference of the model female. These results provide strong evidence for the role of non-genetic factors in sexual selection and underlie the need for new models of sexual selection that explicitly incorporate both genetic and cultural aspects of mate choice.
	Address	Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:1360679			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1824
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, G.J.
	Title	Predator inspection, shoaling and foraging under predation hazard in the Trinidadian guppy,Poecilia reticulata			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Environmental Biology of Fishes	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	34	Issue	3	Pages	265-276
	Keywords	Antipredation – Social group – Feeding – Predation risk – Trade-off – Fish
	Abstract	Guppies,Poecilia reticulata, living in stream pools in Trinidad, West Indies, approached a potential fish predator (a cichlid fish model) in a tentative, saltatory manner, mainly as singletons or in pairs. Such behavior is referred to as predator inspection behavior. Inspectors approached the trunk and tail of the predator model more frequently, more closely and in larger groups than they approached the predator's head, which is presumably the most dangerous area around the predator. However, guppies were not observed in significantly larger shoals in the stream when the predator model was present. In a stream enclosure, guppies inspected the predator model more frequently when it was stationary compared to when it was moving, and made closer inspections to the posterior regions of the predator than to its head. Therefore, the guppies apparently regarded the predator model as a potential threat and modified their behavior accordingly when inspecting it. Guppies exhibited a lower feeding rate in the presence of the predator, suggesting a trade-off between foraging gains and safety against predation. Our results further suggest that predator inspection behavior may account for some of this reduction in foraging. These findings are discussed in the context of the benefits and costs of predator inspection behavior.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2176
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Dynamics of the TIT FOR TAT strategy during predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	127-132
	Keywords
	Abstract	One well-known solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is the TIT FOR TAT strategy. This strategy has three “characteristics” associated with it. TIT FOR TAT is nice (cooperates on the first move of a game), retaliatory (plays defect against an individual that defected on the prior move), and forgiving (cooperates with an individual which has defected in the past but cooperates in the present). Predator inspection behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was examined in order to determine whether guppies displayed these three characteristics. Results indicate that while it can be quite difficult to translate the abstract concepts of niceness, retaliation, and forgiveness into measurable behaviors, the data support the hypothesis that guppies display the three characteristics associated with the TIT FOR TAT strategy.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2178
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Cooperation in animals: An evolutionary overview			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Biology and Philosophy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue	4	Pages	459-476
	Keywords
	Abstract	Evolutionary biologists have grappled with the question of the emergenceand maintenance of cooperation since Darwin first listed animal cooperation asapotential problem for his theory of natural selection. Here I review four pathsthat have been delineated in the study of intra-specific cooperation amonganimals. These paths – kinship, reciprocity, byproduct mutualism andgroupselection – serve as a starting point for behavioral ecologistsinterestedstudying the initiation and maintenance of cooperation. After reviewing theempirical and theoretical underpinnings of these paths to cooperation, I touchupon some recent work that has attempted to examine (or reexamine) the role ofphylogeny, punishment and morality in the light of cooperative behavior.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2179
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	Author	Earley, R.L.; Tinsley, M.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	To see or not to see: does previewing a future opponent affect the contest behavior of green swordtail males (Xiphophorus helleri)?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Naturwissenschaften	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	90	Issue	5	Pages	226-230
	Keywords
	Abstract	Animals assess the fighting ability of conspecifics either by engaging in aggressive interactions or observing contests between others. However, whether individuals assess physical prowess outside the context of aggressive interactions remains unknown. We examined whether male green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri) extract information about the fighting ability of solitary individuals via observation and whether acquiring such information elicits behavioral modifications. Contests preceded by mutual visual assessment were significantly shorter than fights where only one or neither of the two individuals was informed in advance. Focal animals initiated aggressive behavior more often against larger opponents only after previewing their adversary, indicating that swordtails can extract information about relative body size from watching solitary conspecifics. When a fighting disadvantage is perceived, observers adopt tactics that increase their probability of winning the contest.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2180
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.-G.J.
	Title	*Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	4	Issue	4	Pages	289-292
	Keywords	mate choice, copying, guppy, Poecilia reticulata
	Abstract	Virtually all studies of mate choice to date have assumed that females choose mates independent of one another. Social cues, however, such as the mate choice of conspecifics, may also play an important role in such decisions. Previous work has shown that female guppies of similar age copy each other's choice of mates. Here we examine the effect of relative age on mate choice copying in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine whether younger individuals are more likely to copy the mate choice of older conspecifics than vice versa. Results indicate that younger females copy the mate choice of older females, but older individuals do not appear to be influenced by the mate choice of younger individuals.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2181
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Houston, A.I.
	Title	Beyond the prisoner's dilemma: Toward models to discriminate among mechanisms of cooperation in nature			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Trends Evol. Ecol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	7	Issue		Pages	202-205
	Keywords
	Abstract	The iterated prisoner's dilemma game, or IPD, has now established itself as the orthodox paradigm for theoretical investigations of the evolution of cooperation; but its scope is restricted to reciprocity, which is only one of three categories of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Even within that category, a cooperative encounter has in general three phases, and the IPD has nothing to say about two of them. To distinguish among mechanisms of cooperation in nature, future theoretical work on the evolution of cooperation must distance itself from economics and develop games as a refinement of ethology's comparative approach.
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	Notes	10.1016/0169-5347(92)90074-L			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4843
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Breaking up fights between others: a model of intervention behaviour			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
	Volume	265	Issue	1394	Pages	433-437
	Keywords
	Abstract	To examine when and why animals break up fights between others in their group, I modelled whether ‘winner’ and ‘loser’ effects might be one element driving the evolution of intervention behaviour. I considered one particular type of intervention: when the intervener simply breaks up fights between two others, but does not favour either party in so doing. When victories at time T + 1 are more likely given a victory at time T (i.e. winner effects), intervention is often favoured. Intervention is favoured in these circumstances because the intervening party in essence stops others from ‘getting on a roll’ and climbing up any hierarchy that exists. However, when loser effects alone are at work (defeats at time T + 1 are more likely given a defeat at time T), breaking up fights between others is never selected. If both winner and loser effects are operating simultaneously, then the likelihood of intervention behaviour evolving is a function of the relative strength of these two effects. The greater the winner effect relative to the loser effect, the more likely intervention behaviour is to evolve.
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	Notes	10.1098/rspb.1998.0313			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5240
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	Author	Johnstone, R.A.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Coalition formation in animals and the nature of winner and loser effects			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
	Volume	267	Issue	1438	Pages	17-21
	Keywords
	Abstract	Coalition formation has been documented in a diverse array of taxa, yet there has been little formal analysis of polyadic interactions such as coalitions. Here, we develop an optimality model which examines the role of winner and loser effects in shaping coalition formation. We demonstrate that the predicted patterns of alliances are strongly dependent on the way in which winner and loser effects change with contestant strength. When winner and loser effects decrease with the resource-holding power (RHP) of the combatants, coalitions will be favoured between the strongest members of a group, but not between the weakest. If, in contrast, winner and loser effects increase with RHP, exactly the opposite predictions emerge. All other things being equal, intervention is more likely to prove worthwhile when the beneficiary of the aid is weaker (and its opponent is stronger), because the beneficiary is then less likely to win without help. Consequently, intervention is more probable when the impact of victory on the subsequent performance of a combatant increases with that individual's strength because this selects for intervention in favour of weaker combatants. The published literature on hierarchy formation does not reveal how winner and loser effects actually change with contestant strength and we therefore hope that our model will spur others to collect such data; in this light we suggest an experiment which will help to elucidate the nature of winner and loser effects and their impact on coalition formation in animals.
	Address	* aggression * dominance * hierarchy * intervention * reciprocity
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	Notes	10.1098/rspb.2000.0960			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5290
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