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	Author	Heird, J.C.; Lennon, A.M.; Bell, R.W.
	Title	Effects of early experience on the learning ability of yearling horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Journal of Animal Science	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim Sci.
	Volume	53	Issue	5	Pages	1204-1209
	Keywords	Animals; Conditioning (Psychology); Female; Handling (Psychology); Horses/physiology; *Learning
	Abstract	Twenty-four yearling Quarter Horse fillies were divided into three groups (I) very limited handling, (II) intermediate handling and (III) extensive handling. At about 14 months of age, each horse was preconditioned for 2 weeks and then run in a simple place-learning T-maze test in which it had to locate its feed. Thirty trials were run daily for 20 days, with the location of the feed changed each day. To retire from the maze, a horse had to meet the criterion: 11 correct responses in 12 tries, with the last eight being consecutive. Horses in Group II required the fewest trials to reach criterion. These horses also learned more and had the highest percentage of correct responses (P less than .05). Mean trainability tended to predict learning ability; however, trainability and trials to criterion were not significantly correlated. Mean emotionality scores indicated a tendency for horses in the intermediately handled group to be less emotional than those in Group I or III. Results indicated that horses with an intermediate amount of handling scored higher on an intermediate test of learning. All handled horses scored higher on learning tests than those not handled.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-8812	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7319966			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3577
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	Author	Barnard, C.J.; Sibly, R.M.
	Title	Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	543-550
	Keywords
	Abstract	Many forms of interaction within and between species appear to be based on `scrounger' individuals or species exploiting a limited resource provided `producers'. A mathematical model is presented which shows whether or not scroungers are maintained in a group, depending on their frequency and the group size. Some of the predictions of the model were tested in captive flocks of house sparrows Passer domesticus L. Here the scroungers obtained most of their food (mealworms) by interaction and the producers found most of their food by actively foraging: the pay-off to each type was measured as mealworm capture rate. Neither type changed strategy opportunistically in response to instantaneous flock composition but, not surprisingly, scroungers fared better when one of more producers were present. However, scrougers did much worse than expected when greatly outnumbered by producers, perhaps because producers then found the available food very quickly.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4200
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	Author	McCall, C.A.; Potter, G.D.; Friend, T.H.; Ingram, R.S.
	Title	Learning abilities in yearling horses using the Hebb-Williams closed field maze			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	J. Anim. Sci.	Abbreviated Journal	J. Anim. Sci.
	Volume	53	Issue	4	Pages	928-933
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	Cited By (since 1996): 9; Export Date: 24 October 2008			Approved	no
	Call Number	Admin @ knut @			Serial	4613
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	Author	Churcher, C. S.
	Title	Oldest Ass Recovered from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and the Origin of Asses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Journal of Paleontology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Paleontol.
	Volume	56	Issue	5	Pages	1124-1132
	Keywords
	Abstract	Abstract An isolated right metatarsal III from an adult small monodactyl equid was recovered in situ from the middle of Bed II at Evelyn Fuchs-Hans Reck Korongo, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania in 1963. Interosseous contacts for splint metatarsals II and IV are less evident than in any modern comparative Equus metapodials in Leiden, Holland, London, England or in the field in Africa: horses (E. caballus), zebras (E. burchellii, E. grevyi, E. quagga) and asses (E. a. asinus, E. a. africanus), of which the horses and asses were domesticates. The specimen is provisionally assigned to Equus (Asinus) asinus. The estimated height at the shoulders is less than a meter for the animal in life, comparable to a small donkey.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	105
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	Author	Campitelli, S.; Carenzi, C.; Verga, M.
	Title	Factors which influence parturition in the mare and development of the foal			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Applied Animal Ethology	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Animal. Ethol.
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	7-14
	Keywords
	Abstract	Observations are reported of 127 foals born to 127 mares. In particular, comparisons are made between the mare's tendency to foal at night, the length of gestation, the weight of the foal and the weight of the foetal membrane, the time taken by the foal to attain a standing position and the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane and the age of the mare and the season. The new facts that emerge from the results are: (a) foals from middle-aged (6–11 years) mares are heavier; (b) variations of gestation length are related to the month of conception (just a trend, not a statistically significant result); (c) time for the foal to stand is related to the foal sex (females: 56.3 minutes; males 70.6 minutes, on average), and to the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane; (d) parturitions take place mainly (80%) during the hours of darkness. In spring, the percentage of night births (85%) is higher than in winter (78%).
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	984
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	Author	Rescorla, R.A.; Holland, P.C.
	Title	Behavioral Studies of Associative Learning in Animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1982	Publication	Annual Review of Psychology	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	33	Issue	1	Pages	265-308
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3540
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	Author	Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M.
	Title	The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1982	Publication	The development of prosocial behavior	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	109-138
	Keywords
	Abstract	Zahn-Waxler, C. & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1982) The development of altruism: Alternative research strategies. In: The development of prosocial behavior, ed. N. Eisenberg. Academic Press. [aSDP]
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	New York	Editor	Eisenberg, N.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5061
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	Author	Ristau, C.A.
	Title	Language, cognition, and awareness in animals?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	406	Issue	1	Pages	170-186
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2952
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	Author	Appleby, M.C.
	Title	The probability of linearity in hierarchies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1983	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	31	Issue	2	Pages	600-608
	Keywords
	Abstract	The common practice of ranking a group of animals in the closest possible order to a linear dominance hierarchy assumes that dominance among those animals is generally transitive. In fact, analysis of groups in which dominance relationships are random shows that this method has a surprisingly high probability of producing an apparently linear or near-linear hierarchy by chance. As such, the existence of transitive dominance should be tested before it is used in ranking. A suitable statistical test is described here. Chance may also contribute to the linear appearance of hierarchies based on other factors.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4286
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	Author	Moss, C.J.; Poole, J.H.
	Title	Relationships and social structure in African elephants.			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1983	Publication	Primate social relationships: an integrated approach.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Blackwell Science Ltd	Place of Publication		Editor	Hinde, R.A.
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	978-0632009992	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4426
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