| Records |
| Author |
Becker, C. D.; Ginsberg, J. R. |
| Title |
Mother-infant behaviour of wild Grevy's zebra: adaptations for survival in semidesert East Africa |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
| Volume |
40 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
1111-1118 |
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| Abstract |
Mother-infant interactions and patterns of foal behaviour in the Grevy's zebra, Equus grevyi, differe from those reported for other equids. Grevy's zebra foals exhibit longer intervals between suckling bouts, do not drink water until they are 3 months old, and reach independence from the mare sooner than other equids. Furthermore, Grevy's zebra foals advance their acquisition of adult feeding behaviour. A 6-week-old Grevy's zebra foal spends as much time feeding as a 5-month-old wild horse foal. From the time their foals are born until the foals reach an age of 3 months, females form small groups (three females and their foals). These groups are never found further than 2·0 km from surface water and are usually associated with a territorial male. Unlike other equids, the foals of which always follow their mares, when female Grevy's zebra go to drink, they leave their foals in “kindergartens”, which are guarded by a single adult animal, usually a territorial male. It is proposed that many of these differences in behaviour and rates of juvenile development are the result of adaptation to an arid environment. Water requirements during early lactation appear to influence strongly the social behaviour of the Grevy's zebra and should also be a strong influence on the mother-infant behaviour of other arid-living ungulates. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
Call Number  |
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Serial |
927 |
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| Author |
Campitelli, S.; Carenzi, C.; Verga, M. |
| Title |
Factors which influence parturition in the mare and development of the foal |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1982 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Ethology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Animal. Ethol. |
| Volume |
9 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
7-14 |
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| Abstract |
Observations are reported of 127 foals born to 127 mares. In particular, comparisons are made between the mare's tendency to foal at night, the length of gestation, the weight of the foal and the weight of the foetal membrane, the time taken by the foal to attain a standing position and the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane and the age of the mare and the season.
The new facts that emerge from the results are: (a) foals from middle-aged (6–11 years) mares are heavier; (b) variations of gestation length are related to the month of conception (just a trend, not a statistically significant result); (c) time for the foal to stand is related to the foal sex (females: 56.3 minutes; males 70.6 minutes, on average), and to the time taken by the mare to expel the foetal membrane; (d) parturitions take place mainly (80%) during the hours of darkness. In spring, the percentage of night births (85%) is higher than in winter (78%). |
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| Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
984 |
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| Author |
Duncan, P.; Foose, T. J.; Gordon, I. J.; Gakahu,C. G.; Lloyd, M. |
| Title |
Comparative nutrient extraction from forages by grazing bovids and equids: a test of the nutritional model of equid/bovid competition and coexistence |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1990 |
Publication |
Oecologia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Oecologia |
| Volume |
84 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
411-418 |
| Keywords |
Ruminant – Hind-gut fermenter – Intake – Digestion – Competition |
| Abstract |
Ruminants are unevenly distributed across the range of body sizes observed in herbivorous mammals; among extant East African species they predominate, in numbers and species richness, in the medium body sizes (10-600 kg). The small and the large species are all hind-gut fermenters. Some medium-sized hind-gut fermenters, equid perissodactyls, coexist with the grazing ruminants, principally bovid artiodactyls, in grassland ecosystems. These patterns have been explained by two complementary models based on differences between the digestive physiology of ruminants and hind-gut fermenters. The Demment and Van Soest (1985) model accounts for the absence of ruminants among the small and large species, while the Bell/Janis/Foose model accounts both for the predominance of ruminants, and their co-existence with equids among the medium-sized species (Bell 1971; Janis 1976; Foose 1982). The latter model assumes that the rumen is competitively superior to the hind-gut system on medium quality forages, and that hind-gut fermenters persist because of their ability to eat more, and thus to extract more nutrients per day from high fibre, low quality forages. Data presented here demonstrate that compared to similarly sized grazing ruminants (bovids), hind-gut fermenters (equids) have higher rates of food intake which more than compensate for their lesser ability to digest plant material. As a consequence equids extract more nutrients per day than bovids not only from low quality foods, but from the whole range of forages eaten by animals of this size. Neither of the current nutritional models, nor refinements of them satisfactorily explain the preponderance of the bovids among medium-sized ungulates; alternative hypotheses are presented. |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
yes |
| Call Number |
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Serial |
1035 |
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| Author |
Duncan P, C.P. |
| Title |
An unusual choice of habitat helps Camargue horses to avoid blood-sucking horse-flies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1980 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Biol Behav |
| Volume |
5 |
Issue |
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Pages |
55-60 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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Serial |
1036 |
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| Author |
Eisenmann V, G.D.C. |
| Title |
Caractères distinctifs des premières phalanges antérieures et postérieures chez certains équidés actuels et fossiles |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Bull Soc g?ol France |
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16 |
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Pages |
352-361 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
Approved |
no |
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Serial |
1059 |
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| Author |
Eisenmann V, G.D.C. |
| Title |
Caractères distinctifs entre vrais zèbres et zèbres de Chapman d`après l`étude de 60 têtes osseuses. |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1974 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Mammalia |
| Volume |
38 |
Issue |
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Pages |
509-543 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1060 |
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| Author |
Eisenmann V, G.C. |
| Title |
Morphologie fonctionelle et environnement chez les périssodactyles. |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Geobios, Mém sp |
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8 |
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69 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1061 |
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| Author |
Eisenmann V, T.J.-C. |
| Title |
Sur la taxinomie du genre Equus |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1978 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Cahiers Analyse Données |
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3 |
Issue |
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Pages |
179-201 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1063 |
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| Author |
Feh, C .; BOLDSUKH, T.; TOURENQ, C. |
| Title |
Are family groups in equids a response to cooperative hunting by predators? The case of Mongolian Kulans (Equus hemionus luteus Matschie) |
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Journal Article |
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1994 |
Publication |
Revue d´ écologie (Terre et Vie) |
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Rev Ecol (Terre Vie) |
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49 |
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11-20 |
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1083 |
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Haughton Sh, C.B. |
| Title |
The fossil Equidae of south Africa |
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Journal Article |
| Year |
1931 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
Ann South Afr Mus |
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28 |
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407-427 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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no |
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1166 |
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