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Author Rietbroek, N.J.; Dingboom, E.G.; Joosten, B.J.L.J.; Eizema, K.; Everts, M.E. doi  openurl
  Title Effect of show jumping training on the development of locomotory muscle in young horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication American Journal of Veterinary Research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 68 Issue 11 Pages 1232-1238  
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  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether training for show jumping that is commenced early after birth affects the characteristics of equine locomotory muscle. ANIMALS: 19 Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURES: Horses were assigned to a trained or not trained (control) group. After weaning, training (free jumping [2 d/wk] that was alternated with a 20-minute period of exercise in a mechanical rotating walker [3 d/wk]) was started and continued until horses were 3 years old. Fiber type composition (determined from myosin heavy chain [MyHC] content), fiber area, diffusion index (area supplied by 1 capillary), citrate synthase activity, and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content were assessed in gluteus medius muscle specimens collected at 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 years. RESULTS: Developmental changes included an increase in MyHC fiber type IIa and a decrease in type IIad; increases in fiber area, diffusion index, and citrate synthase activity; and a decrease in Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content. The MyHC fiber type I and type IId were detected in high and low proportions, respectively. Training increased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content, but did not affect other variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In horses, show jumping training at an early age resulted in increased Na(+),K(+)-ATPase content of the deep portions of the gluteus medius muscle. The lack of training effects on the other muscle characteristics can partly be explained by the fact that an appropriate (aerobic) fiber type composition was already established at training commencement. These data also suggested that the developmental changes in equine muscle represent sufficient adaptation to meet the demands of this specific training.  
  Address Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands  
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  ISSN 0002-9645 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:17975979 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4358  
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Author GINTHER OJ et al, openurl 
  Title Characteristics of estrus, diestrus and ovulation in mares and effects of season and nursing Type Journal Article
  Year 1972 Publication Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 33 Issue Pages 1935-1939  
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  Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1114  
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Author Santamaria, S.; Bobbert, M.E.; Back, W.; Barneveld, A.; van Weeren, P.R. openurl 
  Title Variation in free jumping technique within and among horses with little experience in show jumping Type Journal Article
  Year 2004 Publication American Journal of Veterinary Research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 65 Issue 7 Pages 938-944  
  Keywords (up) *Acceleration; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Models, Biological; Video Recording  
  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To quantify variation in the jumping technique within and among young horses with little jumping experience, establish relationships between kinetic and kinematic variables, and identify a limited set of variables characteristic for detecting differences in jumping performance among horses. ANIMALS: Fifteen 4-year-old Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURE: The horses were raised under standardized conditions and trained in accordance with a fixed protocol for a short period. Subsequently, horses were analyzed kinematically during free jumping over a fence with a height of 1.05 m. RESULTS: Within-horse variation in all variables that quantified jumping technique was smaller than variation among horses. However, some horses had less variation than others. Height of the center of gravity (CG) at the apex of the jump ranged from 1.80 to 2.01 m among horses; this variation could be explained by the variation in vertical velocity of the CG at takeoff (r, 0.78). Horses that had higher vertical velocity at takeoff left the ground and landed again farther from the fence, had shorter push-off phases for the forelimbs and hind limbs, and generated greater vertical acceleration of the CG primarily during the hind limb push-off. However, all horses cleared the fence successfully, independent of jumping technique. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Each horse had its own jumping technique. Differences among techniques were characterized by variations in the vertical velocity of the CG at takeoff. It must be determined whether jumping performance later in life can be predicted from observing free jumps of young horses.  
  Address Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands  
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  ISSN 0002-9645 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:15281652 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3772  
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Author Thompson, J.A.; Brown, S.E. 2nd; Riddle, W.T.; Seahorn, J.C.; Cohen, N.D. openurl 
  Title Use of a Bayesian risk-mapping technique to estimate spatial risks for mare reproductive loss syndrome in Kentucky Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication American Journal of Veterinary Research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 66 Issue 1 Pages 17-20  
  Keywords (up) Abortion, Veterinary/*epidemiology; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Female; Geography; Horse Diseases/*epidemiology; Horses; Kentucky/epidemiology; Models, Statistical; Pregnancy; Risk Factors  
  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To estimate spatial risks associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) during 2001 among horses in a specific study population and partition the herd effects into those attributable to herd location and those that were spatially random and likely attributable to herd management. Animals-Pregnant broodmares from 62 farms in 7 counties in central Kentucky. PROCEDURE: Veterinarians provided the 2001 abortion incidence proportions for each farm included in the study. Farms were georeferenced and data were analyzed by use of a fully Bayesian risk-mapping technique. RESULTS: Large farm-to-farm variation in MRLS incidence proportions was identified. The farm-to-farm variation was largely attributed to spatial location rather than to spatially random herd effects. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that there are considerable data to support an ecologic cause and potential ecologic risk factors for MRLS. Veterinary practitioners with more detailed knowledge of the ecology in the 7 counties in Kentucky that were investigated may provide additional data that would assist in the deduction of the causal factor of MRLS via informal geographic information systems analyses and suggest factors for inclusion in further investigations.  
  Address Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA. USA  
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  ISSN 0002-9645 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:15691030 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2630  
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Author Keiper, R.; Houpt, K. openurl 
  Title Reproduction in feral horses: an eight-year study Type Journal Article
  Year 1984 Publication American journal of veterinary research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 45 Issue 5 Pages 991-995  
  Keywords (up) Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Anestrus; Animal Population Groups/*physiology; Animals; Animals, Wild/*physiology; Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses/*physiology; Lactation; Male; Maryland; Pregnancy; *Reproduction; Seasons; Sex Ratio; Virginia  
  Abstract The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and less than 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 +/- 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 +/- 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares less than 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 +/- 2.4%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore , the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or greater than 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area.  
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  Notes PMID:6732036 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 665  
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Author Houpt, T.R.; Houpt, K.A. openurl 
  Title Nitrogen conservation by ponies fed a low -protein ration Type Journal Article
  Year 1971 Publication American journal of veterinary research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 32 Issue 4 Pages 579-588  
  Keywords (up) Administration, Oral; Amino Acids/biosynthesis; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology; Body Weight/drug effects; Dietary Proteins/*pharmacology; Horses/*metabolism; Nitrogen/*metabolism; Urea/administration & dosage/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism; Water/metabolism  
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  ISSN 0002-9645 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:5110116 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 62  
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Author Santamaria, S.; Bobbert, M.F.; Back, W.; Barneveld, A.; van Weeren, P.R. openurl 
  Title Effect of early training on the jumping technique of horses Type Journal Article
  Year 2005 Publication American Journal of Veterinary Research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 66 Issue 3 Pages 418-424  
  Keywords (up) Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/*physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/growth & development/*physiology; Locomotion/*physiology; Models, Biological; Physical Conditioning, Animal/*methods  
  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of early training for jumping by comparing the jumping technique of horses that had received early training with that of horses raised conventionally. ANIMALS: 40 Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURE: The horses were analyzed kinematically during free jumping at 6 months of age. Subsequently, they were allocated into a control group that was raised conventionally and an experimental group that received 30 months of early training starting at 6 months of age. At 4 years of age, after a period of rest in pasture and a short period of training with a rider, both groups were analyzed kinematically during free jumping. Subsequently, both groups started a 1-year intensive training for jumping, and at 5 years of age, they were again analyzed kinematically during free jumping. In addition, the horses competed in a puissance competition to test maximal performance. RESULTS: Whereas there were no differences in jumping technique between experimental and control horses at 6 months of age, at 4 years, the experimental horses jumped in a more effective manner than the control horses; they raised their center of gravity less yet cleared more fences successfully than the control horses. However, at 5 years of age, these differences were not detected. Furthermore, the experimental horses did not perform better than the control horses in the puissance competition. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Specific training for jumping of horses at an early age is unnecessary because the effects on jumping technique and jumping capacity are not permanent.  
  Address Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands  
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  Notes PMID:15822585 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4037  
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Author McDonnell, S.M.; Freeman, D.A.; Cymbaluk, N.F.; Schott, H.C. 2nd; Hinchcliff, K.; Kyle, B. openurl 
  Title Behavior of stabled horses provided continuous or intermittent access to drinking water Type Journal Article
  Year 1999 Publication American Journal of Veterinary Research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 60 Issue 11 Pages 1451-1456  
  Keywords (up) Aggression; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Drinking Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/*physiology/*psychology; Housing, Animal; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Animal/physiology/*psychology; Social Behavior; Videotape Recording; *Water Supply  
  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To compare quantitative measures and clinical assessments of behavior as an indication of psychologic well-being of stabled horses provided drinking water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent delivery systems. ANIMALS: 22 Quarter Horse (QH) or QH-crossbred mares and 17 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 1) and 24 QH or QH-crossbred mares and 18 Belgian or Belgian-crossbred mares (study 2). PROCEDURE: Stabled horses were provided water continuously or via 1 of 3 intermittent water delivery systems in 2 study periods during a 2-year period. Continuous 24-hour videotaped samples were used to compare quantitative measures and clinical assessments of behavior among groups provided water by the various water delivery systems. RESULTS: All horses had clinically normal behavior. Significant differences in well being were not detected among groups provided water by the various delivery systems. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Various continuous and intermittent water delivery systems can provide adequately for the psychologic well-being of stabled horses.  
  Address New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square 19348, USA  
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  Notes PMID:10566826 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1928  
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Author Herholz, C.P.; Gerber, V.; Tschudi, P.; Straub, R.; Imhof, A.; Busato, A. openurl 
  Title Use of volumetric capnography to identify pulmonary dysfunction in horses with and without clinically apparent recurrent airway obstruction Type Journal Article
  Year 2003 Publication American Journal of Veterinary Research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 64 Issue 3 Pages 338-345  
  Keywords (up) Aging; Airway Obstruction/*complications/diagnosis/*veterinary; Animals; Capnography/*methods/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Lung Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/*veterinary; Male; Predictive Value of Tests  
  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether volumetric capnography indices could be used to differentiate between horses without recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and horses with RAO that were in clinical remission or that had clinically apparent RAO. ANIMALS: 70 adult Swiss Warmblood horses (20 used for pleasure riding and 50 used for dressage or show jumping). PROCEDURE: Horses were allocated to 4 groups on the basis of history, clinical signs, results of endoscopy, and cytologic findings (group 1, 21 healthy horses; group 2, 22 horses with RAO that were in remission; group 3, 16 horses with mild RAO; group 4, 11 horses with exacerbated RAO). Expiratory volume and CO2 curves were recorded by use of a computerized ultrasonic spirometer. Volumetric capnograms were plotted, and derived indices were calculated. RESULTS: Dead-space volume (VD) was calculated by use of the Bohr equation (VD(Bohr)) and for physiologic VD (VD(phys)). Ratios for VD(Bohr) to expiratory tidal volume (VT) and VD(phys) to V(T) as well as an index of effective CO2 elimination were significantly different among groups of horses. Age and use of the horses also significantly affected volumetric capnography indices. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ratios of VD(Bohr) to VT and VD(phys) to VT as well as an index of effective CO2 elimination were sufficiently sensitive measures to distinguish between healthy horses and horses with RAO in remission. To optimize the ability of volumetric capnography indices to differentiate among horses in heterogeneous populations, it is important to account for effects of age and specific use of the horses.  
  Address Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, Langgasstr 124, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland  
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  ISSN 0002-9645 ISBN Medium  
  Area Expedition Conference  
  Notes PMID:12661875 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3724  
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Author Kurvers, C.M.H.C.; van Weeren, P.R.; Rogers, C.W.; van Dierendonck, M.C. doi  openurl
  Title Quantification of spontaneous locomotion activity in foals kept in pastures under various management conditions Type Journal Article
  Year 2006 Publication American journal of veterinary research Abbreviated Journal Am J Vet Res  
  Volume 67 Issue 7 Pages 1212-1217  
  Keywords (up) Aging; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Motor Activity/*physiology; Sex Characteristics  
  Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe spontaneous locomotion activity of foals kept under various management conditions and assess the suitability of global positioning system (GPS) technology for recording foal activity. Animals-59 foals. PROCEDURES: During the foals' first 4 months of life, 921 observation periods (15 minutes each) were collected and analyzed for locomotion activities. The GPS system was evaluated by simultaneously carrying out field observations with a handheld computer. RESULTS: Foals spent 0.5% of total observed time cantering, 0.2% trotting, 10.7% walking, 32.0% grazing, 34.8% standing, and 21.6% lying down. Total observed daytime workload (velocity x distance) in the first month was approximately twice that in the following months. Locomotion activity decreased with increasing age. Colts had more activity than fillies in certain periods, and foals that were stabled for some portion of the day had compensatory locomotion activity, which was probably insufficient to reach the level of foals kept continually outside. The GPS recordings and handheld-computer observations were strongly correlated for canter, trot, and walk and moderately correlated for standing and lying. Correlation for grazing was low. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that domestically managed foals, when kept 24 h/d at pasture, will exercise at a level comparable with feral foals. High workload during the first month of life might be important for conditioning the musculoskeletal system. The GPS technique accurately quantified canter, trot, and walk activities; less accurately indexed resting; and was unsuitable for grazing because of the wide array of velocities used while foraging.  
  Address Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands  
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  Notes PMID:16817745 Approved no  
  Call Number Serial 1786  
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