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	Author	Peham, C.; Licka, T.; Schobesberger, H.; Meschan, E.
	Title	Influence of the rider on the variability of the equine gait			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Human Movement Science	Abbreviated Journal	European Workshop on Movement Science
	Volume	23	Issue	5	Pages	663-671
	Keywords
	Abstract	The aim of this study was to show that the motion pattern of a well-ridden horse varies less than the motion pattern of an unridden horse. In order to do so, we recorded the motion of two markers, one attached to the dorsal spinous processus of lumbar vertebra L4, the other to the right fore hoof. In total, we measured 21 horses in trot, ridden and unridden, with a fitting and with a non-fitting saddle. After breaking down the entire time series of the three-dimensional motion of the markers into their respective motion cycles, we computed a measure of motion pattern variability for the motion as well as for the derivatives (velocity and acceleration) along each of the three principal dimensions. Two of six variables (velocity and acceleration in the forward direction) displayed a significant discrimination between the ridden and the unridden case, and demonstrated the beneficial effect of a rider on the horse's motion pattern variability. Saddle fit was shown to have also an influence on motion variability: variability of two variables (velocity and of acceleration in forward direction) was significantly lower with a fitting saddle compared to a non-fitting saddle, a third variable (acceleration in the transversal direction) showed a significant difference also. This new method offers an objective evaluation of saddle fit, and a sensitive assessment of the quality of the rider in the moving horse.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3670
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	Author	Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Fischer, J.
	Title	Word Learning in a Domestic Dog: Evidence for “Fast Mapping”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	304	Issue	5677	Pages	1682-1683
	Keywords
	Abstract	During speech acquisition, children form quick and rough hypotheses about the meaning of a new word after only a single exposure--a process dubbed “fast mapping.” Here we provide evidence that a border collie, Rico, is able to fast map. Rico knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those items right away as well as 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Fast mapping thus appears to be mediated by general learning and memory mechanisms also found in other animals and not by a language acquisition device that is special to humans.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	10.1126/science.1097859			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4678
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	Author	Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Alon, U.
	Title	Response to Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	305	Issue	5687	Pages	1107d
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	Abstract
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	Notes	10.1126/science.1100519			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5031
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	Author	Milo, R.; Itzkovitz, S.; Kashtan, N.; Levitt, R.; Shen-Orr, S.; Ayzenshtat, I.; Sheffer, M.; Alon, U.
	Title	Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	303	Issue	5663	Pages	1538-1542
	Keywords
	Abstract	Complex biological, technological, and sociological networks can be of very different sizes and connectivities, making it difficult to compare their structures. Here we present an approach to systematically study similarity in the local structure of networks, based on the significance profile (SP) of small subgraphs in the network compared to randomized networks. We find several superfamilies of previously unrelated networks with very similar SPs. One superfamily, including transcription networks of microorganisms, represents “rate-limited” information-processing networks strongly constrained by the response time of their components. A distinct superfamily includes protein signaling, developmental genetic networks, and neuronal wiring. Additional superfamilies include power grids, protein-structure networks and geometric networks, World Wide Web links and social networks, and word-adjacency networks from different languages.
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	Notes	10.1126/science.1089167			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5033
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	Author	Artzy-Randrup, Y.; Fleishman, S.J.; Ben-Tal, N.; Stone, L.
	Title	Comment on “Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks” and “Superfamilies of Evolved and Designed Networks”			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	305	Issue	5687	Pages	1107c
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	Notes	10.1126/science.1099334			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5037
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	Author	Dunbar, R.
	Title	Evolution of the social brain			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	302	Issue	5648	Pages	1160-1161
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Cognition; Endorphins/physiology; Evolution; Female; Grooming; Hierarchy, Social; Language; Neocortex/anatomy & histology/physiology; Papio/physiology/psychology; Reproduction; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Social Support; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract
	Address	School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK. rimd@liv.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14615522			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	548
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	Author	Bergman, T.J.; Beehner, J.C.; Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.
	Title	Hierarchical classification by rank and kinship in baboons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	302	Issue	5648	Pages	1234-1236
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Wild; Botswana; Cognition; Family; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Language; *Papio/psychology; Social Dominance; Vocalization, Animal
	Abstract	Humans routinely classify others according to both their individual attributes, such as social status or wealth, and membership in higher order groups, such as families or castes. They also recognize that people's individual attributes may be influenced and regulated by their group affiliations. It is not known whether such rule-governed, hierarchical classifications are specific to humans or might also occur in nonlinguistic species. Here we show that baboons recognize that a dominance hierarchy can be subdivided into family groups. In playback experiments, baboons respond more strongly to call sequences mimicking dominance rank reversals between families than within families, indicating that they classify others simultaneously according to both individual rank and kinship. The selective pressures imposed by complex societies may therefore have favored cognitive skills that constitute an evolutionary precursor to some components of human cognition.
	Address	Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. thore@sas.upenn.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14615544			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	689
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	Author	Singh,M.; Singh,M.; Sharma, A. K.; Krishna B. A.
	Title	Methodological considerations in measurement of dominance in primates			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	CURRENT SCIENCE	Abbreviated Journal	CURRENT SCIENCE
	Volume	84	Issue	5	Pages	709-713
	Keywords
	Abstract	The strength of dominance hierarchy in a group of animals needs to be quantitatively measured since it influences many other aspects of social interactions. This article discusses three attempts made by previous researchers to measure the strength of hierarchy. We propose a method which attempts to rectify the lacunae in the previous attempts. Data are used from a group of Japanese macaques housed in a colony. A method to calculate strength of hierarchy has been illustrated and a procedure has been suggested to normalize the dominance scores in order to place the ranks of individuals on an interval scale.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Biopsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570 006, India	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2860
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	Author	Silk, J.B.; Alberts, S.C.; Altmann, J.
	Title	Social Bonds of Female Baboons Enhance Infant Survival			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Science	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	302	Issue	5648	Pages	1231-1234
	Keywords
	Abstract	Among nonhuman primates, females often form strong bonds with kin and other group members. These relationships are thought to have adaptive value for females, but direct effects of sociality on fitness have never been demonstrated. We present 16 years of behavioral data from a well-studied population of wild baboons, which demonstrate that sociality of adult females is positively associated with infant survival, an important component of variation in female lifetime fitness. The effects of sociality on infant survival are independent of the effects of dominance rank, group membership, and environmental conditions. Our results are consistent with the evidence that social support has beneficial effects on human health and well-being across the life span. For humans and other primates, sociality has adaptive value.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes	10.1126/science.1088580			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5151
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	Author	Hare, B.; Brown, M.; Williamson, C.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	The domestication of social cognition in dogs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	298	Issue	5598	Pages	1634-1636
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Domestic; Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Cues; Dogs; Food; Humans; Memory; Pan troglodytes; Social Behavior; Species Specificity; Vision; Wolves
	Abstract	Dogs are more skillful than great apes at a number of tasks in which they must read human communicative signals indicating the location of hidden food. In this study, we found that wolves who were raised by humans do not show these same skills, whereas domestic dog puppies only a few weeks old, even those that have had little human contact, do show these skills. These findings suggest that during the process of domestication, dogs have been selected for a set of social-cognitive abilities that enable them to communicate with humans in unique ways.
	Address	Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. bhare@fas.harvard.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1095-9203	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12446914			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	595
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