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Taberlet, P.; Waits, L.P.; Luikart, G. |
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Title |
Noninvasive genetic sampling: look before you leap |
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Year  |
1999 |
Publication |
Trends in Ecology & Evolution |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends Ecol. Evol |
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14 |
Issue |
8 |
Pages |
323-327 |
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Keywords |
Hairs; Feces; Feathers; Allelic dropout; Individual identification; Conservation genetics; Behavioural ecology; Pilot study; Microsatellites; Probability of identity |
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Abstract |
Noninvasive sampling allows genetic studies of free-ranging animals without the need to capture or even observe them, and thus allows questions to be addressed that cannot be answered using conventional methods. Initially, this sampling strategy promised to exploit fully the existing DNA-based technology for studies in ethology, conservation biology and population genetics. However, recent work now indicates the need for a more cautious approach, which includes quantifying the genotyping error rate. Despite this, many of the difficulties of noninvasive sampling will probably be overcome with improved methodology. |
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0169-5347 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6573 |
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Author |
Goodwin, D. |
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Title |
The importance of ethology in understanding the behaviour of the horse |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Veterinary Journal |
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31 |
Issue |
S28 |
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15-19 |
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Keywords |
horse; behaviour; domestication; interspecific communication |
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Summary Domestication has provided the horse with food, shelter, veterinary care and protection, allowing individuals an increased chance of survival. However, the restriction of movement, limited breeding opportunities and a requirement to expend energy, for the benefit of another species, conflict with the evolutionary processes which shaped the behaviour of its predecessors. The behaviour of the horse is defined by its niche as a social prey species but many of the traits which ensured the survival of its ancestors are difficult to accommodate in the domestic environment. There has been a long association between horses and man and many features of equine behaviour suggest a predisposition to interspecific cooperation. However, the importance of dominance in human understanding of social systems has tended to overemphasise its importance in the human-horse relationship. The evolving horse-human relationship from predation to companionship, has resulted in serial conflicts of interest for equine and human participants. Only by understanding the nature and origin of these conflicts can ethologists encourage equine management practices which minimise deleterious effects on the behaviour of the horse. |
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American Medical Association (AMA) |
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0425-1644 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6714 |
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Author |
Cooper, J.J. |
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Title |
Comparative learning theory and its application in the training of horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Equine veterinary journal. Supplement |
Abbreviated Journal |
Equine Vet J Suppl |
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27 |
Pages |
39-43 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Conditioning (Psychology); Horses/*psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Training can best be explained as a process that occurs through stimulus-response-reinforcement chains, whereby animals are conditioned to associate cues in their environment, with specific behavioural responses and their rewarding consequences. Research into learning in horses has concentrated on their powers of discrimination and on primary positive reinforcement schedules, where the correct response is paired with a desirable consequence such as food. In contrast, a number of other learning processes that are used in training have been widely studied in other species, but have received little scientific investigation in the horse. These include: negative reinforcement, where performance of the correct response is followed by removal of, or decrease in, intensity of a unpleasant stimulus; punishment, where an incorrect response is paired with an undesirable consequence, but without consistent prior warning; secondary conditioning, where a natural primary reinforcer such as food is closely associated with an arbitrary secondary reinforcer such as vocal praise; and variable or partial conditioning, where once the correct response has been learnt, reinforcement is presented according to an intermittent schedule to increase resistance to extinction outside of training. |
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Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK |
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PMID:10485003 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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846 |
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Author |
Dunbar, Robin I. M. |
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Title |
The social brain hypothesis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |
Abbreviated Journal |
Evol. Anthropol. |
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6 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
178-190 |
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Keywords |
brain size – neocortex – social brain hypothesis – social skills – mind reading – primates |
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Conventional wisdom over the past 160 years in the cognitive and neurosciences has assumed that brains evolved to process factual information about the world. Most attention has therefore been focused on such features as pattern recognition, color vision, and speech perception. By extension, it was assumed that brains evolved to deal with essentially ecological problem-solving tasks. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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Robin Dunbar is Professor of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioural Ecology at the University of Liverpool, England. His research primarily focuses on the behavioral ecology of ungulates and human and nonhuman primates, and on the cognitive mechanisms and brain components that underpin the decisions that animals make. He runs a large research group, with graduate students working on many different species on four continents. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4371 |
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Mench, J.A.; Morrow-Tesch, J.; Chu, L.-R. |
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Title |
Environmental enrichment for farm animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
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Lab Animal |
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Lab Anim. |
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27 |
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32-36 |
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ISSN : 0093-7355 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6188 |
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Zohary, D.; Tchernov, E.; Horwitz, L.K. |
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Title |
The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats |
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1998 |
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J Zool |
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245 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Zohary1998 |
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6240 |
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Author |
Whiten, A. |
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Title |
Imitation of the sequential structure of actions by chimpanzees |
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1998 |
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J Comp Psychol |
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11 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Whiten1998 |
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6291 |
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Author |
Breitenmoser, U. |
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Title |
Large predators in the Alps: the fall and rise of man's competitors |
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1998 |
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Biol Conserv |
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83 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Breitenmoser1998 |
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6450 |
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Gese, E.M.; Ruff, R.L. |
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Howling by coyotes (Canis latrans): variation among social classes, seasons, and pack sizes |
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1998 |
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Can J Zool |
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76 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Gese1998 |
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6462 |
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Peters, G.; Tembrock, G. |
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Title |
Subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos in mammal vocalizations |
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1998 |
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Bioacoustics |
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9 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Peters1998 |
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6483 |
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