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Author |
Dorrance, B.R.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Imitation of conditional discriminations in pigeons (Columba livia) |
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Journal Article |
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Year ![sorted by Year field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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Volume |
116 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
277-285 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Conditioning (Psychology)/*physiology; Discrimination Learning/*physiology; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; *Imitative Behavior; Light; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
In the present experiments, the 2-action method was used to determine whether pigeons could learn to imitate a conditional discrimination. Demonstrator pigeons (Columba livia) stepped on a treadle in the presence of 1 light and pecked at the treadle in the presence of another light. Demonstration did not seem to affect acquisition of the conditional discrimination (Experiment 1) but did facilitate its reversal of the conditional discrimination (Experiments 2 and 3). The results suggest that pigeons are not only able to learn a specific behavior by observing another pigeon, but they can also learn under which circumstances to perform that behavior. The results have implications for proposed mechanisms of imitation in animals. |
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Department of Psychology, Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois 61201, USA. psdorrance@augustana.edu |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:12234078 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
240 |
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Author |
Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Second-order contrast based on the expectation of effort and reinforcement |
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Journal Article |
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Year ![sorted by Year field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
64-74 |
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Animals; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Random Allocation; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Pigeons prefer signals for reinforcement that require greater effort (or time) to obtain over those that require less effort to obtain (T. S. Clement, J. Feltus, D. H. Kaiser, & T. R. Zentall, 2000). Preference was attributed to contrast (or to the relatively greater improvement in conditions) produced by the appearance of the signal when it was preceded by greater effort. In Experiment 1, the authors of the present study demonstrated that the expectation of greater effort was sufficient to produce such a preference (a second-order contrast effect). In Experiments 2 and 3, low versus high probability of reinforcement was substituted for high versus low effort, respectively, with similar results. In Experiment 3, the authors found that the stimulus preference could be attributed to positive contrast (when the discriminative stimuli represented an improvement in the probability of reinforcement) and perhaps also negative contrast (when the discriminative stimuli represented reduction in the probability of reinforcement). |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:11868235 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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241 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S. |
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Title |
Memory mechanisms in pigeons: evidence of base-rate neglect |
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Journal Article |
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Year ![sorted by Year field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
111-115 |
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Animals; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning; Memory/*physiology; Random Allocation; Reaction Time; Reinforcement (Psychology); Retention (Psychology) |
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In delayed matching to sample, once acquired, pigeons presumably choose comparisons according to their memory for (the strength of) the sample. When memory for the sample is sufficiently weak, comparison choice should depend on the history of reinforcement associated with each of the comparison stimuli. In the present research, pigeons acquired two matching tasks in which Sample S1 was associated with one comparison from each task, C1 and C3, whereas Sample S2 was associated with Comparison C2, and Sample S3 was associated with Comparison C4. As the retention interval increased, the pigeons showed a bias to choose the comparison (C1 or C3) associated with the more frequently occurring sample (S1). Thus, pigeons were sensitive also to the (irrelevant) likelihood that each of the samples was presented. The results suggest that pigeons may allow their reference memory for the overall sample frequency to influence comparison choice, independent of the comparison stimuli present. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:11868229 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
242 |
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Author |
Fremouw, T.; Herbranson, W.T.; Shimp, C.P. |
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Title |
Dynamic shifts of pigeon local/global attention |
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Journal Article |
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Year ![sorted by Year field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
233-243 |
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Animals; Attention/*physiology; *Behavior, Animal; Columbidae/*physiology; Male; Reaction Time; Visual Perception/*physiology |
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It has previously been shown that pigeons can shift attention between parts and wholes of complex stimuli composed of larger, “global” characters constructed from smaller, “local” characters. The base-rate procedure used biased target level within any condition at either the local or global level; targets were more likely at one level than at the other. Biasing of target level in this manner demonstrated shifts of local/global attention over a time span consisting of several days with a fixed base rate. Experiment 1 examined the possibility that pigeons can shift attention between local and global levels of perceptual analysis in seconds rather than days. The experiment used priming cues the color of which predicted on a trial-by-trial basis targets at different perceptual levels. The results confirmed that pigeons, like humans, can display highly dynamic stimulus-driven shifts of local/global attention. Experiment 2 changed spatial relations between features of priming cues and features of targets within a task otherwise similar to that used in experiment 1. It was predicted that this change in cues might affect asymmetry but not the occurrence of a priming effect. A priming effect was again obtained, thereby providing generality to the claim that pigeons can learn that trial-by-trial primes predict targets at different levels of perceptual analysis. Pigeons can display perceptual, stimulus-driven priming of a highly dynamic nature. |
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Department of Psychology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12461601 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2589 |
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Author |
Goto, K.; Lea, S.E.G.; Dittrich, W.H. |
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Title |
Discrimination of intentional and random motion paths by pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
5 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
119-127 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Motion Perception; Recognition (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
Twelve pigeons ( Columba livia) were trained on a go/no-go schedule to discriminate between two kinds of movement patterns of dots, which to human observers appear to be “intentional” and “non-intentional” movements. In experiment 1, the intentional motion stimulus contained one dot (a “wolf”) that moved systematically towards another dot as though stalking it, and three distractors (“sheep”). The non-intentional motion stimulus consisted of four distractors but no stalker. Birds showed some improvement of discrimination as the sessions progressed, but high levels of discrimination were not reached. In experiment 2, the same birds were tested with different stimuli. The same parameters were used but the number of intentionally moving dots in the intentional motion stimulus was altered, so that three wolves stalked one sheep. Despite the enhanced difference of movement patterns, the birds did not show any further improvement in discrimination. However, birds for which the non-intentional stimulus was associated with reward showed a decline in discrimination. These results indicated that pigeons can discriminate between stimuli that do and do not contain an element that human observer see as moving intentionally. However, as no feature-positive effect was found in experiment 1, it is assumed that pigeons did not perceive or discriminate these stimuli on the basis that the intentional stimuli contained a feature that the non-intentional stimuli lacked, though the convergence seen in experiment 2 may have been an effective feature for the pigeons. Pigeons seem to be able to recognise some form of multiple simultaneously goal-directed motions, compared to random motions, as a distinctive feature, but do not seem to use simple “intentional” motion paths of two geometrical figures, embedded in random motions, as a feature whose presence or absence differentiates motion displays. |
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School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK. K.Goto@exeter.ac.uk |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:12357284 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2601 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Clement, T.S.; Bhatt, R.S.; Allen, J. |
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Title |
Episodic-like memory in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year ![sorted by Year field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
2001 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
685-690 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Columbidae; Memory, Short-Term/*physiology; Teaching |
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Abstract |
It has been proposed that memory for personal experiences (episodic memory, rather than semantic memory) relies on the conscious review of past experience and thus is unique to humans. In an attempt to demonstrate episodic-like memory in animals, we first trained pigeons to respond to the (nonverbal) question “Did you just peck or did you just refrain from pecking?” by training them on a symbolic matching task with differential responding required to the two line-orientation samples and reinforcing the choice of a red comparison if they had pecked and the choice of a green comparison if they had not pecked. Then, in Experiment 1, after providing the conditions for (but not requiring) the pigeons to peck at one new stimulus (a yellow hue) but not at another (a blue hue), we tested them with the new hue stimuli and the red and green comparisons. In Experiment 2, we tested the pigeons with novel stimuli (a circle, which they spontaneously pecked, and a dark response key, which they did not peck) and the red and green comparisons. In both experiments, pigeons chose the comparison appropriate to the response made to the test stimulus. Thus, the pigeons demonstrated that they could remember specific details about their past experiences, a result consistent with the notion that they have the capacity for forming episodic-like memories. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506-0044, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:11848586 |
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no |
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refbase @ user @ |
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243 |
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Author |
Kelly, D.M.; Spetch, M.L. |
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Title |
Pigeons encode relative geometry |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
417-422 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Columbidae; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Form Perception/*physiology; Space Perception/*physiology |
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Abstract |
Pigeons were trained to search for hidden food in a rectangular environment designed to eliminate any external cues. Following training, the authors administered unreinforced test trials in which the geometric properties of the apparatus were manipulated. During tests that preserved the relative geometry but altered the absolute geometry of the environment, the pigeons continued to choose the geometrically correct corners, indicating that they encoded the relative geometry of the enclosure. When tested in a square enclosure, which distorted both the absolute and relative geometry, the pigeons randomly chose among the 4 corners, indicating that their choices were not based on cues external to the apparatus. This study provides new insight into how metric properties of an environment are encoded by pigeons. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9. kelly@bio.psy.ruhr-uni-bochum.de |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:11676090 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2770 |
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Author |
Cavoto, K.K.; Cook, R.G. |
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Title |
Cognitive precedence for local information in hierarchical stimulus processing by pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
Publication |
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
27 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-16 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; *Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Male |
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Four experiments investigated the processing of hierarchical stimuli by pigeons. Using a 4 alternative divided-attention task, 4 pigeons were food-reinforced for accurately identifying letters arranged as either hierarchical global- or local-relevant stimuli or as size-matched filled stimuli. Experiment 1 found that task acquisition was faster with local-relevant than global-relevant stimuli. This difference was not due to letter size. Experiment 2 demonstrated successful transfer to a novel irrelevant letter configuration. Experiments 3 and 4 tested pigeons' responses to conflict probe stimuli composed of equally discriminable relevant letters at each level. These tests revealed that all of the pigeons showed a cognitive precedence for local information early in processing, with the pigeons using different cues to initiate the processing of global information. This local advantage contrasts with previously reported results for humans and pigeons but is similar to that reported for nonhuman primates. Alternatives attempting to reconcile these contrasting comparative results are considered. |
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Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:11199512 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2773 |
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Author |
Clement, T.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
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Title |
Development of a single-code/default coding strategy in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
Publication |
Psychological science : a journal of the American Psychological Society / APS |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychol Sci |
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Volume |
11 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
261-264 |
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Animals; Attention; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; *Problem Solving; Retention (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
We tested the hypothesis that pigeons could use a cognitively efficient coding strategy by training them on a conditional discrimination (delayed symbolic matching) in which one alternative was correct following the presentation of one sample (one-to-one), whereas the other alternative was correct following the presentation of any one of four other samples (many-to-one). When retention intervals of different durations were inserted between the offset of the sample and the onset of the choice stimuli, divergent retention functions were found. With increasing retention interval, matching accuracy on trials involving any of the many-to-one samples was increasingly better than matching accuracy on trials involving the one-to-one sample. Furthermore, following this test, pigeons treated a novel sample as if it had been one of the many-to-one samples. The data suggest that rather than learning each of the five sample-comparison associations independently, the pigeons developed a cognitively efficient single-code/default coding strategy. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA |
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0956-7976 |
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PMID:11273414 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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246 |
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Author |
Zentall, T.R.; Kaiser, D.H.; Clement, T.S.; Weaver, J.E.; Campbell, G. |
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Title |
Presence/absence-sample matching by pigeons: divergent retention functions may result from the similarity of behavior during the absence sample and the retention interval |
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Journal Article |
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Year ![sorted by Year field, descending order (down)](img/sort_desc.gif) |
2000 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
26 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
294-304 |
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Keywords |
Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; *Choice Behavior; *Columbidae; *Conditioning, Operant; Cues |
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Divergent choose-absence retention functions typically found in pigeons following presence/absence-sample matching have been attributed to the development of a single-code/default coding strategy. However, such effects may result from adventitious differential responding to the samples. In Experiment 1, retention functions were divergent only when differential sample responding could serve as the basis for comparison choice. In Experiment 2, when pecking did not occur during the retention interval, a choose-absence bias was found, but when pecking occurred during the retention interval, a choose-presence bias resulted. In Experiment 3, positive transfer was found when a stimulus associated with the absence of pecking replaced the absence sample but not when a stimulus associated with pecking replaced the presence sample. Thus, presence/absence-sample matching may not encourage the development of a single-code/default coding strategy in pigeons. |
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Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA. zentall@pop.uky.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:10913994 |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
247 |
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