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Author Duncan, I.J.H. url  openurl
  Title D.G.M. Wood-Gush Memorial Lecture: An applied ethologist looks at the question “Why?” Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1995 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 44 Issue 2-4 Pages 205-217  
  Keywords Causation; Cognition; Function; Future research; Ontogeny; Phylogeny; States of suffering; Welfare  
  Abstract The question “Why does an animal behave as it does?” can be answered in terms of ontogeny, function, phylogeny and causation. The achievements of applied ethology relative to those four approaches are reviewed, gaps in our knowledge are identified and predictions for fruitful avenues of future research are made. Ontogenic studies have been useful in the past and it is suggested that studies of the effects of early experience on the sexual behaviour of animals used in artificial breeding schemes might pay dividends. It is proposed that functional studies should be approached cautiously. More information is required on the process of domestication in order to increase the chances of success in the trend to farm exotic species. Studies on causation are likely to continue to be the mainstay of applied ethological research. It is suggested that within this category, studies on states of suffering, motivation and cognition are urgently required to answer the most pressing questions on animal welfare.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2919  
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Author Gallup GG; Povinelli DJ; Suarez SD; Anderson JR; Lethmate J; Menzel EW openurl 
  Title Further reflections on self-recognition in primates Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 50 Issue Pages 1525  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2999  
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Author Heyes CM openurl 
  Title Self-recognition in primates: further reflections create a hall of mirrors Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 50 Issue Pages 1533  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3006  
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Author Mitchell R openurl 
  Title Self-recognition, methodology and explanation: a comment on Heyes (1994) Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 51 Issue Pages 467  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3020  
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Author i Rios, J.F.; Houpt, K. doi  openurl
  Title Sexual behavior in geldings Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1995 Publication Applied Animal Behaviour Science Abbreviated Journal Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.  
  Volume 46 Issue 1-2 Pages 133-135  
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  Abstract Abstract

In response to a request published in Equus, a magazine for those interested in horses, 85 owners of older geldings exhibiting sexual behavior completed history forms. The mean age of geldings was 16 f 5 years. Only 39 of the owners had had the gelding for at least a year before the behavior was noted. These cases could be used to determine the true age of onset of the problem. When log survivorship was used to determine whether there were one or two different populations, a break or change in the slope at age 16 indicated that there are two populations. One population shows the behavior from the time of castration and the other first exhibits the behavior in old age, possibly in response to an ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma. A total of 40% of the horses were Quarterhorses, the most numerous breed in the US; 78% of the horses were purebreds. Fewer than half the owners knew the age at which their horse had been castrated because they did not own the horse at the time.

The mean age at castration, when known, was 3.3 f 2.5 years. The reason for contacting us was sexual behavior (70%), aggression (24%). or some other problem ( 1 o/o). Whether or not aggression was the presenting problem, most of the horses showed aggression (95%), particularly towards other geldings (88%)) but also towards people (3 1%). Copulatory behavior (mounting) was shown by 69% of the geldings and half of those were able to intromit. These findings indicate that the sexual behavior of geldings is a problem for owners and that aggression usually accompanies sexual behavior.

The owners were encouraged to send serum samples taken before and after human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) administration for testosterone and estrone sulfate analysis to determine whether residual testicular tissue was responsible for the horse’s behavior. Of the 14 horses tested, only one had elevated levels of testosterone indicating that there was residual testicular tissue. A total of six of the owners agreed to treat their horses with cyproheptadine at a dose of 8 mg day- ’ gradually increased to 88 mg day- ’ per horse. A total of three of the horses showed a decline in sexual and aggressive behavior, one got worse and two had side effects and treatment was withdrawn.
 
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3627  
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Author de Vries, H. url  doi
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  Title An improved test of linearity in dominance hierarchies containing unknown or tied relationships Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 50 Issue 5 Pages 1375-1389  
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  Abstract Appleby (1983, Anim. Behav., 31, 600-608) described a statistical test, based on the work of Kendall (1962, Rank Correlation Methods), for the significance of linearity in dominance hierarchies. He suggested that unknown relationships should be assigned the value 1/2 and that subsequently the same test procedure can be used. In this paper it is shown that incorrect results are obtained by this method whenever there are unknown relationships. Values of the linearity index are systematically too low. P-values can be too high (underestimating the significance) or too low (overestimating), and seem to differ by not much more than a factor two (respectively a half) from the correct P-value. An improved method is developed for testing linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown relationships. Furthermore, it is argued that, if one admits the possibility of tied dominance relationships, which should indeed be assigned the value 1/2, Landau's linearity index is to be preferred to Kendall's index. A randomization test is developed for assessing the significance of linearity or non-linearity in a set of dominance relationships containing unknown or tied relationships. The test statistic employed in this testing procedure is based on Landau's linearity index, but takes the unknown and tied relationships into account.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4284  
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Author Skandakumar, S.; Stodulski, G.; Hau, J. url  openurl
  Title Salivary IgA: a Possible Stress Marker In Dogs Type Abstract
  Year (up) 1995 Publication Animal Welfare Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 4 Issue 4 Pages 339-350  
  Keywords Animal Welfare; Behaviour; Cortisol; Dog; Salivary Iga (S-Iga); Stress; Well-Being  
  Abstract Stress in humans has been reported to be associated with a decrease in the salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) levels enabling the possible use of s-IgA to assess stress. Prolonged stress, if reliably assessed in a non-invasive manner, may be used to assess animal welfare. This study analysed groups of dogs undergoing physical and temperamental training and s-IgA levels were measured by rocket immunoelectrophoresis in prospective samples. Behavioural assessment was carried out and cortisol levels in saliva were measured by ELISA. A significant negative correlation (P < 0.007) between the logarithmic cortisol concentrations and s-IgA levels in saliva was recorded. The behavioural assessment of the dogs agreed well with the biochemical markers. It is concluded that IgA levels in saliva may be a useful marker of dog well-being and that stress results in decreased s-IgA levels.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5964  
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Author Zentall, T.R.; Sherburne, L.M.; Roper, K.L.; Kraemer, P.J. openurl 
  Title Value transfer in a simultaneous discrimination appears to result from within-event pavlovian conditioning Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1996 Publication Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes Abbreviated Journal J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process  
  Volume 22 Issue 1 Pages 68-75  
  Keywords Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Conditioning, Classical; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Reinforcement (Psychology)  
  Abstract When pigeons acquire a simple simultaneous discrimination, some of the value acquired by the S+ transfers to the S-. The mechanism underlying this transfer of value was examined in three experiments. In Experiment 1, pigeons trained on two simultaneous discriminations (A + B- and C +/- D-) showed a preference for B over D. This preference was reduced, however, following the devaluation of A. In Experiment 2, when after the same original training, value was given to D, the pigeons' preference for C did not significantly increase. In Experiment 3, when both discriminations involved partial reinforcement (S +/-), A + C- training resulted in a preference for B over D, whereas B + D- training resulted in a preference for A over C. Thus, simultaneous discrimination training appears to result in bidirectional within-event conditioning involving the S+ and S-.  
  Address Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky Lexington 40506, USA  
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  Language English Summary Language Original Title  
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  ISSN 0097-7403 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:8568497 Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 255  
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Author Schwarzenberger, F.; Mostl, E.; Palme, R.; Bamberg, E. url  openurl
  Title Faecal steroid analysis for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in farm, wild and zoo animals Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1996 Publication Animal Reproduction Science Abbreviated Journal Animal Reproduction: Research and Practice  
  Volume 42 Issue 1-4 Pages 515-526  
  Keywords Faecal steroids; Non-invasive monitoring; Oestrogens; Progesterone metabolites; Reproductive hormones  
  Abstract Non-invasive faecal oestrogen and progesterone metabolite evaluations are well established approaches for monitoring reproductive function in a variety of mammalian species. The route of excretion of steroid hormone metabolites varies considerably among species, and also between steroids within the same species. Steroid concentrations in faeces exhibit a similar pattern to those in plasma, but have a lag time, which depending upon the species, can be from 12 h to more than 2 days. Faecal steroid metabolites in mammals are mainly unconjugated compounds. Faecal oestrogens consist predominantly of oestrone and/or oestradiol-17α or -17β. Therefore, specific oestrogen antibodies or antibodies against total oestrogens can be used for their determination. Progesterone is metabolised to several 5α- or 5β-reduced pregnanediones and hydroxylated pregnanes prior to its faecal excretion. Therefore, relevant antibodies for their determination show considerable cross-reactivities with several pregnane metabolites, whereas specific progesterone antibodies are less suitable. Faecal oestrogen evaluations have been used as reliable indicators of pregnancy in several ungulate and some primate species. They have also been used to determine the preovulatory period in carnivores, corpus luteum activity in New World primates, and to diagnose cryptorchidism in horses. Faecal progesterone metabolite analysis has been successfully used for monitoring corpus luteum function and pregnancy, abortion, seasonality and treatment therapies in an ever expanding list of species.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 327  
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Author Wilson, D.S.; Dugatkin, L.A. url  openurl
  Title A reply to Lombardi & Hurlbert Type Journal Article
  Year (up) 1996 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 52 Issue 2 Pages 423-425  
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  Abstract No abstract  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 475  
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