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| Author | Hall, C.; Crowell-Davis, S.L.; Warren, R.J. | ||||
| Title | Maternal and developmental behavior of the feral horses of Cumberland Island, Georgia | Type | Journal Article | ||
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1993 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 37 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 85 |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2271 | ||
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| Author | Beveridge, W.I. | ||||
| Title | Unravelling the ecology of influenza A virus | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1993 | Publication | History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Hist Philos Life Sci |
| Volume | 15 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 23-32 |
| Keywords | Animals; Bird Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Birds; Ecology; History, 20th Century; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Horses; Humans; Influenza A virus/*isolation & purification; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/microbiology/*veterinary; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/*history/microbiology; Zoonoses/history | ||||
| Abstract | For 20 years after the influenza A virus was discovered in the early 1930s, it was believed to be almost exclusively a human virus. But in the 1950s closely related viruses were discovered in diseases of horses, pigs and birds. Subsequently influenza A viruses were found to occur frequently in many species of birds, particularly ducks, usually without causing disease. Researchers showed that human and animal strains can hybridise thus producing new strains. Such hybrids may be the cause of pandemics in man. Most pandemics have started in China or eastern Russia where many people are in intimate association with animals. This situation provides a breeding ground for new strains of influenza A virus. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0391-9714 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:8310117 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2667 | ||
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| Author | McGlone, J.J.; Hicks, T.A. | ||||
| Title | Teaching standard agricultural practices that are known to be painful | Type | Journal Article | ||
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1993 | Publication | Journal of Animal Science | Abbreviated Journal | J. Anim Sci. |
| Volume | 71 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 1071-1074 |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2933 | ||
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| Author | McCall, C.A.; Salters, M.A.; Simpson, S.M. | ||||
| Title | Relationship between number of conditioning trials per training session and avoidance learning in horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
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1993 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 36 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 291-299 |
| Keywords | Horse; Learning; Avoidance conditioning | ||||
| Abstract | Sixteen horses were used to determine if number of trials given per training session (5, 10, 15 or 20) affected learning performance in an avoidance conditioning task. The horse had to move from one side of a test pen to the other during an auditory cue presentation to avoid aversive stimulation. A pen 8 mx3.6 m, divided into two equal sections by a 13-cm diameter plastic pipe lying on the ground, was used as the test pen. Painted plywood panels were fastened to the fence in half the pen to help horses distinguish visually between the two parts. A 10-s auditory cue was used as a signal for horses to move from one side of the test pen to the other. A 20-s intertrial interval was used. Training sessions were conducted every third day. Each trial was recorded as an avoidance (the horse completed the task during auditory cue presentation and avoided aversive stimulus) or an error (the horse received aversive stimulus). After completing ten consecutive avoidances (criterion), the horse was removed from the study. Numbers of training sessions, trials, avoidances and errors until reaching criterion were recorded for each horse. Horses varied greatly within these variables with ranges of 3-18 sessions, 37-121 trials, 20-68 avoidances and 17-53 errors to criterion. No differences were detected (P>0.05) in the number of conditioning trials per training session (treatment) for the mean number of trials, avoidances or errors to criterion. Number of training sessions to criterion differed (P<0.01) among treatments, indicating that an optimum number of learning trials per training session might exist. Mean sessions to criterion for horses receiving 5, 10, 15 and 20 trials per session were 15.1+/-1.3, 5.8+/-1.1, 5.3+/-1.1 and 4.6+/-1.1, respectively. Regression analysis indicated that 16.2 trials per training session would minimize number of sessions to criterion. Although it is widely assumed that learning efficiency in horses is decreased when intense activity is concentrated into a small number of sessions, these results indicate that moderate repetition of training activities is needed for efficient learning. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3686 | ||
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| Author | Mal, M.E.; McCall, C.A.; Newland, C.; Cummins, K.A. | ||||
| Title | Evaluation of a one-trial learning apparatus to test learning ability in weanling horses | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1993 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 35 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 305-311 |
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| Abstract | Fourteen Arabian foals were used to determine if a one-trial appetitive conditioning task, developed for laboratory rats, could be adapted for use in equine learning research. The learning apparatus consisted of a 1.5 m x 0.6 m wooden grid containing 40 compartments. Seven foals received a complete learning test which consisted of placing a foal in a pen with the learning apparatus on one wall, recording the foal's behavior for 5 min and then placing a food reinforcer in a target compartment (TC). After location of the food, the foal's behavior was recorded for an additional 5 min. Total visits made to the apparatus and compartments visited by the foal were recorded. The remaining seven foals received a test in which no reinforcer was placed in the TC. These foals were re-tested the next day with reinforcement. After location of the food reinforcer, all foals exhibited more visits to the apparatus, visits to the TC, visits one compartment from the TC, and visits greater than one and less than or equal to two compartments from the TC (P<0.05). Mean distance of visits from the TC decreased after location of the reinforcer (P<0.05). Increased frequency of visits to the apparatus and concentration of visits around the TC after finding the reinforcer suggest that foals had learned the location of the reinforcer. Results suggest that a one-trial appetitive conditioning test may be applicable in equine learning research. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 3688 | ||
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| Author | Veissier, I. | ||||
| Title | Observational learning in cattle | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year |
1993 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 35 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 235-243 |
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| Abstract | Four experiments were designed to find evidence of observational learning in cattle. The experiments were run on ten experimental heifers, each observing a demonstrator mate performing a task, and on ten control heifers, each observing a non-demonstrator mate. The mates and observers were separated by wire netting in Experiments 1-3, but were in the same room in Experiment 4. The task to be learned was to push a panel to get food into a box. All naive animals were able to observe while their mate performed the task. The observers in Experiments 1 and 4 were Salers heifers that had no prior experience of the testing room; those in Experiment 2 were Salers heifers that were accustomed to the room; those in Experiment 3 were Aubrac or Limousin heifers that had already eaten in the room. The behaviour of the observers was influenced by their mates: activity at or near the boxes was enhanced by the presence of demonstrators in Experiment 2 (box contacts: 38.0 +/- 16.2 vs. 22.1 +/- 11.9 for experimental and control heifers, respectively; P<0.05), while activity in other parts of the room in Experiment 3 was enhanced when non-demonstrator mates were present (wall sniffing: 5.4 +/- 13.9 vs. 13.9 +/- 13.7; P<0.05). Overall, 26 experimental heifers vs. 19 controls learned the task (P>0.05). The time spent eating was longer when the observer only had visual contact with a demonstrator (Experiment 1: 15.9 +/- 1.6 vs. 11.6 +/- 1.8 min), but was lower when physical contacts with the demonstrator were possible (Experiment 4: 4.6 +/- 8.8 vs. 5.4 +/- 2.2 min; P<0.05). Ten out of the 11 Limousin heifers learned the task, compared with only three out of the nine Aubrac heifers (P<0.05). The latter spent more time near the door and sniffed the walls more often than the former (2.0 +/- 1.9 vs. 0.4 +/- 0.6 min, P<0.05, and 18.1 +/- 13.4 vs. 2.7 +/- 6.5 min, P<0.01), as though they were trying to flee the situation. When animals observed a demonstrator, their attention was drawn to stimuli involved in the task but acquisition of knowledge was not greatly improved. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour Team @ birgit.flauger @ | Serial | 4325 | ||
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| Author | Neveu, P.J. | ||||
| Title | Brain Lateralization and Immunomodulation | Type | Journal Article | ||
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1993 | Publication | International Journal of Neuroscience | Abbreviated Journal | Int J Neurosci |
| Volume | 70 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 135-143 |
| Keywords | Psychoneuroimmunology, brain lateralization | ||||
| Abstract | The two sides of the brain may be differently involved in the modulation of immune responses as demonstrated by lesional and behavioral approaches in rodents. Lesions of right or left neocortex induced opposite effects on various immune parameters including mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation, interleukin-2 production, macrophage activation or natural killer cell activity. This animal model, useful to elucidate whereby the brain and the immune system can communicate, appears to be suitable for studying the immune perturbations observed during stroke in humans. Brain asymmetry in modulation of immune reactivity may also be demonstrated in intact animal using a behavioral paradigm. The direction of a lateralized motor behavior ie paw preference in a food reaching task, correlated with an asymmetrical brain organization, was shown to be associated with lymphocyte reactivity, natural killer cell activity and auto-antibody production. The association between paw preference and immune reactivity in mice varies according to the immune parameters tested and is a sex-dependent phenomenon in which genetic background may be involved. The experimental models for investigating asymmetrical brain modulation of the immune system should be useful for studying several physiological, pathological and genetic aspects of neuroimmunomodulation. | ||||
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| Publisher | Informa Clin Med | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 0020-7454 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | doi: 10.3109/00207459309000569 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5778 | ||
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| Author | Byrne, R.W. | ||||
| Title | Do larger brains mean greater intelligence? | Type | Journal Article | ||
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1993 | Publication | Behavioral and Brain Sciences | Abbreviated Journal | Behav. Brain Sci. |
| Volume | 16 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 696-697 |
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| Publisher | Cambridge University Press | Place of Publication | Editor | ||
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| ISSN | 1469-1825 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6171 | ||
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| Author | Judge, P.G.; de Waal, F.B.; Paul, K.S.; Gordon, T.P. | ||||
| Title | Removal of a trauma-inflicting alpha matriline from a group of rhesus macaques to control severe wounding | Type | Journal Article | ||
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1994 | Publication | Laboratory animal science | Abbreviated Journal | Lab Anim Sci |
| Volume | 44 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 344-350 |
| Keywords | *Aggression; Animals; Female; *Macaca mulatta; Male; *Monkey Diseases; *Social Dominance; Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control/*veterinary | ||||
| Abstract | Wounding in an 83-member group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) housed at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center Field Station became excessive to the point that intervention was deemed necessary. When observations indicated that three females from the group's alpha matriline were principally responsible for the wounding, the matriline (N = 7) was removed from the group. This study was conducted to document an atypical pattern of wounding in this group and to evaluate the effectiveness of removal as a procedure for controlling injuries. The aggression rates of 21 adult subjects and the wounds of all group members were recorded before and after the removal procedure and compared with those in a similar-sized group. Removing the alpha matriline did not alter aggression rates in the group or the rank order among the remaining matrilines. Aggression rates in the experimental group were also not significantly different from those in the comparison group before or after the removal. With the alpha matriline present, wounding levels in the group were significantly higher than those in the comparison group. After removal of the matriline, the frequency of wounds decreased significantly to levels similar to those of the comparison group. The pattern of excess wounding attributed to the extracted alpha females was idiosyncratic, involving removal of large patches of skin from the hindquarters of adult females or removal of the distal portion of the fingers, toes, or tail from juveniles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||
| Address | Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329 | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0023-6764 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:7983846 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 207 | ||
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| Author | Araba, B.D.; Crowell-Davis, S.L. | ||||
| Title | Dominance relationships and aggression of foals (Equus caballus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
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1994 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
| Volume | 41 | Issue | 1-2 | Pages | 1-25 |
| Keywords | aggression; dominance; horse; Equus caballus | ||||
| Abstract | Studied a herd of 15 Belgian brood-mares and 10 foals. Specific aspects of social structure studied were dominance-subordinance relationships, preferred associates, social spacing, aggression rates, the frequency of aggressions administered down the dominance hierarchy, and interactive play bouts. The rank order of the foals, both before and after weaning, was positively correlated with the rank order of their dams. There was also a significant relationship between a foal's rank and its total aggression or aggression rate per subordinate post-weaning. Higher ranking foals had higher rates of aggression. Over 80% of threats were directed down the dominance hierachy. The play-rank order of the foals, scored by the number of times foal left a play bout, was not significantly correlated with the rank order as scored by agonistic interactions. -from Authors | ||||
| Address | Dept Anatomy and Radiology, Univ of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA | ||||
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| ISSN | 01681591 (Issn) | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 790 | ||
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