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	Author	Marinier, S.L.; Alexander, A.J.; Waring, G.H.
	Title	Flehmen behaviour in the domestic horse: Discrimination of conspecific odours			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	19	Issue	3-4	Pages	227-237
	Keywords
	Abstract	American Saddlebred horses were used to test the responses of domestic horses to the odours of conspecifics. In all cases the odours were tested in the absence of the donor animal. Thus the test animal's behavioural responses were concentrated on the olfactory stimuli, and possible interference from donor behaviour was eliminated. Stallions were significantly more responsive than mares and geldings. This was shown in both flehmen and sniffing behaviour to urine/vaginal secretions and in sniffing behaviour to faecal samples. Only stallions were used for subsequent tests. Stallions showed no significant differences in response to the odour of urine/vaginal secretions of an oestrus mare from that when she was not in season. Parameters used for analysis of data were frequency, latency and duration of flehmen as well as duration of responsiveness to samples. In testing for differences in odours between individual mares, two methods were used. The stallions differentiated between samples from individual mares. In some cases this differentiation was exhibited when the stallions were merely presented with the two samples in sequence. In other cases statistically significant differences in response to the odours were shown only by simultaneous presentation of the two samples to the test stallion. Parameters used for data analysis were frequency and duration of flehmen and duration of responsiveness.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	507
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	Author	Tilson, R.L.; Sweeny, K.A.; Binczik, G.A.; Reindl, N.J.
	Title	Buddies and bullies: Social structure of a bachelor group of Przewalski horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	21	Issue	1-2	Pages	169-185
	Keywords
	Abstract	The Minnesota Zoological Garden established a bachelor (i.e. all-male) group of 8 Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) in 1984. Possible methods for mixing males emerged through preliminary introductions and review of the relevant literature. These included: (1) grouping colts (<=3 years old) after removing them from their natal bands; (2) introducing adult stallions to colts in spacious, controlled environments to reduce the risk of combat-related injury or death associated with largely unpredictable adult temperament; (3) introducing more than 1 animal at a time to established groups. Based on the frequency and orientation of agonistic interactions observed among the bachelors, a linear dominance hierarchy was discerned among the 4 adult stallions; all 4 colts were determined to be of equally low or seemingly non-ranking status. Social rank among the adults was most influenced by individual temperament, and contention for rank was limited almost exclusively to the 3 lower-ranking stallions; the alpha male participated in 73% of all agonistic interactions observed, but was identified as the recipient in less than 3% of these interactions. Intra-band associations were detected in the bachelor group. The most prevalent of these was among the 4 colts, found together in over 70% of the observations. Other affinities commonly observed were between the colts (as a sub-group) and different stallions. The dominant stallion, the colts' most frequent companion, actively discouraged the 3 lower-ranking stallions from associating with the colts. Further, the colts were subjected to significantly fewer agonistic behaviors than the non-alpha stallions (per colt=1.05+/-0.24 h-1; per non-alpha stallion=2.01+/-0.04 h-1). These findings support the hypothesis developed by other workers for ungulates that young bachelors are sheltered from aggression by association with an alpha male. With one exception, adult associations were rarely noted. Although combat-related injuries (superficial wounds and temporary lameness) were common among the bachelors, few required medical attention. No permanent disabilities or deaths have occurred since the group's inception. The existence of social organization and intra-band associations in the bachelor group support the suggestion that such groups were once a natural part of this species' social milieu. Bachelor groups are therefore recommended as an ethologically sound, space- and cost-effective means of managing “surplus” (i.e. non-harem) male Przewalski horses.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	781
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	Author	Gopnik A, G.P.
	Title	Knowing how you know: young children's ability to identify and remember the sources of their beliefs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Child Dev.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	59	Issue		Pages	1366
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3001
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	Author	Leonard, M.L.; Horn, A.G.; Eden, S.F.
	Title	Parent-offspring aggression in moorhens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	23	Issue		Pages	265-270
	Keywords
	Abstract	The purpose of this study was to explain parental aggression to offspring in the moorhen (Gallinula chloropus). Males and females did not feed different subsets of chicks. In addition, there was a positive correlation between feeding rates of each parent to a particular chick and the number of attacks (tousles) directed to that chick, contrary to what was expected if aggression served to divide the brood. In moorhens, large chicks outcompeted small chicks for parental feedings. However, adults were more aggressive to large chicks and as a result small chicks spent significantly more time closer to parents and received more feedings than large chicks. In 84% of broods every chick was attacked at least once, although large chicks were attacked more often than small chicks. The behaviour of chicks changed immediately after an attack (Table 2). Before an attack chicks were <1 m from the parents while after an attack they were >1 m. The apparent effect of parental aggression in moorhens is to reduce demands by chicks for feedings. Aggression appears to reduce sibling competition and to encourage chick independence.
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	Notes	10.1007/Bf00302949			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4905
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	Author	Lynch, J.J.; Hinch, G.N.; Bouissou, M.F.; Elwin, R.L.; Green, G.C.; Davies, H.I.
	Title	Social organization in young Merino and Merino x Border Leicester ewes			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	22	Issue	1	Pages	49-63
	Keywords
	Abstract	The social behaviour of two groups of Merino ewes and one group of Merino x Border Leicester ewes was studied. Each group comprised eight sheep, 15 months of age and, within each group, the animals were of similar liveweight. Dominance rankings were established at each test, but there was little consistency in ewe rank over time. Similarly, little consistency was found in ewe ranking for movement order between pens, and for exploratory and fear test rankings. However, with tests on movement orders, some consistency in the sheep which ranked first was shown. In the field, no aggression was seen while sheep were grazing and there were no occasions when ranking related to movement could be observed. There were short-term associations between pairs of sheep, but these occurred in less than half the individuals. Although the spatial distribution was not studied, the lack of long-term association between pairs would suggest that strong spatial preference does not occur. It is concluded that the social organization of single-age Merino and Merino x Border Leicester ewes is not based on dominance or leadership ranking nor on long-term associations between individuals.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ room B 3.029			Serial	2036
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	Author	Hutchinson, G.W.; Abba, S.A.; Mfitilodze, M.W.
	Title	Seasonal translation of equine strongyle infective larvae to herbage in tropical Australia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Veterinary Parasitology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Parasitol
	Volume	33	Issue	3-4	Pages	251-263
	Keywords	Animals; Feces/parasitology; Horses; Queensland; Seasons; Strongyle Infections, Equine/parasitology; Strongyloidea/growth & development/physiology; Strongylus/growth & development/physiology; Tropical Climate
	Abstract	Longevity in faeces, migration to and survival on herbage of mixed strongyle infective larvae (approximately 70% cyathostomes: 30% large strongyles) from experimentally deposited horse faeces was studied in the dry tropical region of North Queensland for up to 2 years. Larvae were recovered from faeces deposited during hot dry weather for a maximum of 12 weeks, up to 32 weeks in cool conditions, but less than 8 weeks in hot wet summer. Translation to herbage was mainly limited to the hot wet season (December-March), except when unseasonal winter rainfall of 40-50 mm per month in July and August allowed some additional migration. Survival on pasture was estimated at 2-4 weeks in the summer wet season and 8-12 weeks in the autumn-winter dry season (April-August). Hot dry spring weather (pre-wet season) was the most unfavourable for larval development, migration and survival. Peak counts of up to 60,000 larvae kg-1 dry herbage were recorded. The seasonal nature of pasture contamination allowed the development of rational anthelmintic control programs based on larval ecology.
	Address	Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0304-4017	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2815535			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2672
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	Author	Konstantinov, S.A.; Veselkin, A.G.
	Title	[The intensity and efficiency of a gadfly attack on cattle depending on the number and location of the animals in the herd]			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Parazitologiia	Abbreviated Journal	Parazitologiia
	Volume	23	Issue	1	Pages	3-10
	Keywords	Animals; Cattle/parasitology; Diptera/physiology; Ecology; Insect Bites and Stings/parasitology/*veterinary; Russia
	Abstract	The effect of group was studied on cattle being attacked by horse flies of three genera. The method of simultaneous registrations of attacking horse flies in herds of 8 to 100 animals and on single cows was used. It has been shown that the effect of group reveals itself only when animals in the herd reach a certain minimum number, the effect rate depending on peculiarities of attacking of a given species of bloodsuckers, such as a part of responding individuals, distance of an attack, duration of contact with an object. These parameters tend to change with increasing number of animals in the herd. Therefore differences in the intensity of attacks on herds with different cattle stock cannot be explained proceeding only from differences in the occupied areas. The number of attacking horse flies decreases from the periphery of the herd to its centre and is not the same in different parts of the periphery. The effectiveness of attacking, ie the part of sucking individuals of a given species (genus) from the number of horse flies attacking for a definite period of time, is the highest in a large herd and increases in its ranges from the periphery to the centre. This dependence leads to a more even distribution of sucking individuals as compared to attacking ones.
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	Language	Russian	Summary Language		Original Title	Intensivnost' i effektivnost' napadeniia slepnei na krupnyi rogatyi skot v zavisimosti ot chisla i mestopolozheniia zhivotnykh v stade
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-1847	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2524028			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2674
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	Author	Huizinga, H.A.; van der Meij, G.J.W.
	Title	Estimated parameters of performance in jumping and dressage competition of the Dutch Warmblood horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Livestock Production Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	21	Issue	4	Pages	333-345
	Keywords
	Abstract	The objective of this study is to estimate several genetic parameters in the Dutch Warmblood riding horse population. The traits involved are performances in jumping and dressage competition. The following parameters are estimated: heritabilities for jumping and dressage; phenotypic and genetic correlations between jumping and dressage; and phenotypic and genetic correlations between performances at different ages. These parameters are estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML). Data are from 6899 horses with performances in jumping and 10 408 horses with performances in dressage competition. The horses are sired by 205 and 237 stallions for the two traits, respectively. The progeny range in age from 4 to 8 years old. The performance trait is a cumulatively derived score, that reflects the level of performance in competition. A square root transformation of the score is most appropriate to normalize the data. For estimation of phenotypic and genetic parameters the data is split into two data sets according to the age of the sires (offspring sired by older vs. younger stallions). For estimating correlations between performances at 4, 5 and 6 years of age, performances of the offspring out of previous years are linked to the data. The most unbiased estimates of heritability for jumping and dressage are from data derived from the youngest offspring sired by the younger stallions and are 0.20 and 0.10, respectively. Genetic correlation between jumping and dressage ranges from -0.27 to 0.10. The phenotypic correlation between these traits ranges from 0.15 to 0.26. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between performances at 4, 5 and 6 years average 0.95 and 0.75, respectively. These latter results have important implications for genetic evaluation of breeding candidates in the population.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3966
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	Author	Galef, B.G.
	Title	Enduring social enhancement of rats' preferences for the palatable and the piquant			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Appetite	Abbreviated Journal	Appetite
	Volume	13	Issue	2	Pages	81-92
	Keywords
	Abstract	In three experiments on the social induction of food preferences in rats, I found: (a) that eight 30-min exposures of a naive “observer” rat to a “demonstrator” rat fed one of two approximately equipalatable diets produced observer preference for the diet fed to its demonstrator that lasted for more than a month, (b) that simple exposure of naive subjects to a diet itself, rather than to a rat that had eaten a diet, was not sufficient to enhance preference for that diet, and (c) that lasting preference for an unpalatable, piquant diet could also be established by exposing naive rats to demonstrators that had eaten the piquant diet, but not by simply exposure to the piquant diet itself. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis proposed by both Birch and Rozin that social-affective contexts are important in establishing stable, learned preferences for foods.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0195-6663	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	6567
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	Author	Duncan, P.; Foose, T. J.; Gordon, I. J.; Gakahu,C. G.; Lloyd, M.
	Title	Comparative nutrient extraction from forages by grazing bovids and equids: a test of the nutritional model of equid/bovid competition and coexistence			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1990	Publication	Oecologia	Abbreviated Journal	Oecologia
	Volume	84	Issue	3	Pages	411-418
	Keywords	Ruminant – Hind-gut fermenter – Intake – Digestion – Competition
	Abstract	Ruminants are unevenly distributed across the range of body sizes observed in herbivorous mammals; among extant East African species they predominate, in numbers and species richness, in the medium body sizes (10-600 kg). The small and the large species are all hind-gut fermenters. Some medium-sized hind-gut fermenters, equid perissodactyls, coexist with the grazing ruminants, principally bovid artiodactyls, in grassland ecosystems. These patterns have been explained by two complementary models based on differences between the digestive physiology of ruminants and hind-gut fermenters. The Demment and Van Soest (1985) model accounts for the absence of ruminants among the small and large species, while the Bell/Janis/Foose model accounts both for the predominance of ruminants, and their co-existence with equids among the medium-sized species (Bell 1971; Janis 1976; Foose 1982). The latter model assumes that the rumen is competitively superior to the hind-gut system on medium quality forages, and that hind-gut fermenters persist because of their ability to eat more, and thus to extract more nutrients per day from high fibre, low quality forages. Data presented here demonstrate that compared to similarly sized grazing ruminants (bovids), hind-gut fermenters (equids) have higher rates of food intake which more than compensate for their lesser ability to digest plant material. As a consequence equids extract more nutrients per day than bovids not only from low quality foods, but from the whole range of forages eaten by animals of this size. Neither of the current nutritional models, nor refinements of them satisfactorily explain the preponderance of the bovids among medium-sized ungulates; alternative hypotheses are presented.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	yes
	Call Number				Serial	1035
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