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Author Boesch C; Boesch H
Title Tool use and tool making in wild chimpanzees Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Folia Primatol. Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) 54 Issue Pages 86
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2983
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Author Visalberghi E
Title Tool use in Cebus Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Folia Primatol. Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) 54 Issue Pages 146
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 3045
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Author Iacobucci, D.; Wasserman, S.
Title Social networks with two sets of actors Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Psychometrika Abbreviated Journal Psychometrika
Volume (up) 55 Issue 4 Pages 707-720
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Abstract Abstract  Traditional network research analyzes relational ties within a single group of actors: the models presented in this paper involve relational ties exist beteen two distinct sets of actors. Statistical models for traditional networks in which relations are measured within a group simplify when modeling unidirectional relations measured between groups. The traditional paradigm results in a one-mode socionatrix; the network paradigm considered in this paper results in a two-mode socionatrix; A statistical model is presented, illustrated on a sample data set, and compared to its traditional counterpart. Extensions are discussed, including those that model multivariate relations simultaneously, and those that allow for the inclustion of attributes of the individuals in the group.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5036
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Author Gordon, I.J.; Lindsay, W.K.
Title Could Mammalian Herbivores “Manage” Their Resources? Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Oikos Abbreviated Journal Oikos
Volume (up) 59 Issue 2 Pages 270-280
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Abstract The concept of resource management has gone hand in hand with group selection arguments. For this reason, it has been cast aside in the era of evolutionary theory which assumes that foraging strategies must have evolved under selection operating to maximise an individual's inclusive fitness. However, results from empirical studies show that under favourable environmental and social circumstances, resource management could be selectively advantageous. Much of the recent literature on plant-herbivore interactions suggest that herbivory can result in changes in the resource base which are assumed to increase the intake and fitness of the herbivore. As a result, a number of authors suggest that herbivores manage their resource utilisation to maximise the flow of nutrients from these resources. Long term territoriality or the exclusive use of a home range are the social systems most likely to favour selection for prudent resource exploitation. This review argues that, in many habitats, resource management strategies are not feasible, as individuals have little control over the way resources are depleted and renewed. Thus far, very little evidence is available showing that herbivorous mammals actively manage the resources which they utilise.
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Notes Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2297
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Author Cancedda, M.
Title [Social and behavioral organization of horses on the Giara (Sardinia): distribution and aggregation] Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Bollettino della Societa italiana di biologia sperimentale Abbreviated Journal Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper
Volume (up) 66 Issue 11 Pages 1089-1096
Keywords Animals; *Animals, Wild/physiology/psychology; Environment; Female; *Horses/physiology/psychology; Italy; Male; Population Density; Sexual Behavior, Animal; *Social Behavior; Social Dominance; Water
Abstract In this paper some considerations on the environment of the 42 Kmq of the volcanic-basaltic Giara tableland are discussed. Conditioning by the environment and its effect on the distribution of a population of 712 horses is illustrated in view of their social and behavioural organization.
Address Istituto di Fisiologia Generale e Speciale, Universita di Sassari
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Language Italian Summary Language Original Title Introduzione all'organizzazione sociale e comportamentale dei cavallini sulla Giara (Sardegna): distribuzione ed aggregazione
Series Editor Series Title Abbreviated Series Title
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ISSN 0037-8771 ISBN Medium
Area Expedition Conference
Notes PMID:2095819 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 673
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Author Houpt, K.A.; Zahorik, D.M.; Swartzman-Andert, J.A.
Title Taste aversion learning in horses Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Journal of animal science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.
Volume (up) 68 Issue 8 Pages 2340-2344
Keywords Animal Feed; Animals; *Avoidance Learning; Feeding Behavior/*psychology; *Food Preferences; Horses/physiology/*psychology; *Taste
Abstract The ability of ponies to learn to avoid a relatively novel food associated with illness was tested in three situations: when illness occurred immediately after consuming a feed; when illness occurred 30 min after consuming a feed; and when illness was contingent upon eating one of three feeds offered simultaneously. Apomorphine was used to produce illness. The feeds associated with illness were corn, alfalfa pellets, sweet feed and a complete pelleted feed. The ponies learned to avoid all the fees except the complete feed when apomorphine injection immediately followed consumption of the feed. However, the ponies did not learn to avoid a feed if apomorphine was delayed 30 min after feed consumption. They could learn to avoid alfalfa pellets, but not corn, when these feeds were presented with the familiar “safe foods,” oats and soybean meal. Ponies apparently are able to learn a taste aversion, but there were constraints on this learning ability. Under the conditions of this study, they did not learn to avoid a food that made them sick long after consumption of the food, and they had more difficulty learning to avoid highly palatable feeds.
Address Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Language English Summary Language Original Title
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ISSN 0021-8812 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:2401656 Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 41
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Author McCall, C.A.
Title A Review of Learning Behavior in Horses and its Application in Horse Training Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Journal of Animal Science Abbreviated Journal J. Anim Sci.
Volume (up) 68 Issue 1 Pages 75-81
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Abstract A literature review of the equine learning research conducted in the past 20 yr revealed that the purpose of most of the studies was to determine whether horses respond to learning situations in the same way that other animals do. The results indicated that horses can discriminate many different types of stimuli, and they learn through stimulus-response- reinforcement chains. Most equine learning studies have utilized learning tasks depending on primary positive reinforcement to get the horses to work the tests. Yet, the majority of horse trainers use negative reinforcement more often than primary positive reinforcement in their training procedures. Therefore, past research often did not have a direct application to training methods commonly utilized in the horse industry. Research also demonstrated that 1) early experiences of horses can affect learning ability later, 2) equine memory is efficient and 3) concentrating learning mals in long training sessions decreases equine learning efficiency. Many factors that might affect equine learning ability and be applicable to training practices in the horse industry have not been thoroughly investigated; for example, interactions between nutrition and learning and between exercise and learning, the use of negative and secondary reinforcements in horse training, and the horse's ability to make few initial errors compared to its ability to eliminate errors as training progresses all require investigation in future equine learning studies. N1 -
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Notes Approved no
Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 1992
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Author Dublin, H.T.; Sinclair, A.R.E.; Boutin, S.; Anderson, E.; Jago, M.; Arcese, P.
Title Does competition regulate ungulate populations? Further evidence from Serengeti, Tanzania Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Oecologia Abbreviated Journal
Volume (up) 82 Issue 2 Pages 283-288
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Abstract Changes in populations of several ungulate species in the Serengeti-Mara region of East Africa over the past 30 years suggest several hypotheses for their regulation and coexistence. Recent censuses in the 1980s have allowed us to test the hypotheses that: (1) there was competition between wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and Thomson's gazelle (Gazella thomsoni). This predicted that gazelle numbers should have declined in the 1980s when wildebeest were food limited. Census figures show no change in gazelle numbers between 1978 and 1986, a result contrary to the interspecific competition hypothesis; (2) wildebeest and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) populations were regulated by intraspecific competition for food. Since both populations reached food limitation in the 1970s, the hypothesis predicted that the populations should have been stable in the 1980s. The results confirm these predictions for wildebeest and the buffalo population in the Mara reserve. In the Serengeti the buffalo population declined 41% over the period 1976-1984. The decline was not evenly distributed over the park, some areas showing an 80-90% decline, others no change or an increase in numbers. The decline was associated with proximity to human habitation; (3) an outbreak of the viral disease, rinderpest, in 1982 may have been the cause of the drop in buffalo population. Blood serum samples to measure the prevalence of antibodies were collected from areas of decreasing, stable and increasing populations. If rinderpest was the cause of decrease there should be a negative relationship between the prevalence of rinderpest and the instantaneous rate of increase (r). The results showed no relationship. We conclude that rinderpest was not the major cause of the drop in buffalo numbers. Elephant (Loxodonta africana) numbers dropped 81% in Serengeti in the period 1977-1986. In the Mara there was little change. The evidence suggests that extensive poaching in northern and western Serengeti during 1979-1984 accounted for the drop in both elephant and buffalo numbers.
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Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2281
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Author Duncan, P.; Foose, T. J.; Gordon, I. J.; Gakahu,C. G.; Lloyd, M.
Title Comparative nutrient extraction from forages by grazing bovids and equids: a test of the nutritional model of equid/bovid competition and coexistence Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Oecologia Abbreviated Journal Oecologia
Volume (up) 84 Issue 3 Pages 411-418
Keywords Ruminant – Hind-gut fermenter – Intake – Digestion – Competition
Abstract Ruminants are unevenly distributed across the range of body sizes observed in herbivorous mammals; among extant East African species they predominate, in numbers and species richness, in the medium body sizes (10-600 kg). The small and the large species are all hind-gut fermenters. Some medium-sized hind-gut fermenters, equid perissodactyls, coexist with the grazing ruminants, principally bovid artiodactyls, in grassland ecosystems. These patterns have been explained by two complementary models based on differences between the digestive physiology of ruminants and hind-gut fermenters. The Demment and Van Soest (1985) model accounts for the absence of ruminants among the small and large species, while the Bell/Janis/Foose model accounts both for the predominance of ruminants, and their co-existence with equids among the medium-sized species (Bell 1971; Janis 1976; Foose 1982). The latter model assumes that the rumen is competitively superior to the hind-gut system on medium quality forages, and that hind-gut fermenters persist because of their ability to eat more, and thus to extract more nutrients per day from high fibre, low quality forages. Data presented here demonstrate that compared to similarly sized grazing ruminants (bovids), hind-gut fermenters (equids) have higher rates of food intake which more than compensate for their lesser ability to digest plant material. As a consequence equids extract more nutrients per day than bovids not only from low quality foods, but from the whole range of forages eaten by animals of this size. Neither of the current nutritional models, nor refinements of them satisfactorily explain the preponderance of the bovids among medium-sized ungulates; alternative hypotheses are presented.
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Notes from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List Approved yes
Call Number Serial 1035
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Author Hostikka, S.L.; Eddy, R.L.; Byers, M.G.; Hoyhtya, M.; Shows, T.B.; Tryggvason, K.
Title Identification of a distinct type IV collagen alpha chain with restricted kidney distribution and assignment of its gene to the locus of X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome Type Journal Article
Year 1990 Publication Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Abbreviated Journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Volume (up) 87 Issue 4 Pages 1606-1610
Keywords Amino Acid Sequence; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; Cloning, Molecular; Collagen/*genetics; Epitopes/analysis; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Gene Library; *Genes; Humans; Immunoblotting; Kidney/cytology/*metabolism; Macromolecular Substances; Molecular Sequence Data; Nephritis, Hereditary/*genetics; Oligopeptides/chemical synthesis/immunology; Placenta/metabolism; Pregnancy; Restriction Mapping; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; *X Chromosome
Abstract We have identified and extensively characterized a type IV collagen alpha chain, referred to as alpha 5(IV). Four overlapping cDNA clones isolated contain an open reading frame for 543 amino acid residues of the carboxyl-terminal end of a collagenous domain, a 229-residue carboxyl-terminal noncollagenous domain, and 1201 base pairs coding for a 3' untranslated region. The collagenous Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeat sequence has five imperfections that coincide with those in the corresponding region of the alpha 1(IV) chain. The noncollagenous domain has 12 conserved cysteine residues and 83% and 63% sequence identity with the noncollagenous domains of the alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains, respectively. The alpha 5(IV) chain has less sequence identity with the putative bovine alpha 3(IV) and alpha 4(IV) chains. Antiserum against an alpha 5(IV) synthetic peptide stained a polypeptide chain of about 185 kDa by immunoblot analysis and immunolocalization of the chain in human kidney was almost completely restricted to the glomerulus. The gene was assigned to the Xq22 locus by somatic cell hybrids and in situ hybridization. This may be identical or close to the locus of the X chromosome-linked Alport syndrome that is believed to be a type IV collagen disease.
Address Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland
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ISSN 0027-8424 ISBN Medium
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Notes PMID:1689491 Approved no
Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5291
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