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Author |
Yaski, O.; Eilam, D. |
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Title |
The impact of landmark properties in shaping exploration and navigation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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This study was aimed at uncovering physical and geometric properties that make a particular landmark a target of exploration and navigation. Rats were tested in a square open-field arena with additional portable corners featuring the same properties as the arena corners. It was found that the routes of progression converged upon the added corners, whether located at the arena wall or the arena center. Route convergence upon the added corners involved numerous visits to these corners. However, time spent at the added corners was relatively short compared with the arena corners, including that from which rats were introduced into the arena. There was no differential effect of testing rats in light or dark, or with a low versus a high portable corner. It is suggested that the added corners were distinct against the background of the arena enclosure, whereas the four arena corners and walls were encoded by the rats as one geometric module. This distinctness, together with the greater accessibility of the added corners, made them salient landmarks and a target of exploration. Thus, the impact of a landmark extended beyond its specific self-geometry to include accessibility and distinctness, which are contextual properties. In addition to the contextual impact on locomotor behavior there was also a temporal effect, with security initially dominating the rats' behavior but then declining along with an increased attraction to salient landmarks. These spatiotemporal patterns characterized behavior in both lit and dark arenas, indicating that distal cues were secondary to local proximal cues in shaping routes. |
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Department of Zoology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, 69978, Israel, eilam@post.tau.ac.il |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17318624 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2416 |
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Author |
Thomsen, L.R.; Campbell, R.D.; Rosell, F. |
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Title |
Tool-use in a display behaviour by Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Tool use is rare amongst rodents and has never been recorded in connection with agonistic displays. We witnessed a behaviour, stick display (StD), involving tool use in free-living Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber) that we conclude is a display behaviour. Two beavers were the main performers of the signal that was observed in at least six beavers from three families. Beavers reacted to displays by increased evasive and agonistic behaviours compared with their usual behavioural patterns when at territory borders. The behaviour was almost exclusively seen between rivals at territory borders. We suggest that the display is used in agonistic encounters, mainly in a territorial context. |
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Department of Ecology and Genetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark, liat.thomsen@nf.au.dk |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17318623 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2417 |
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Author |
Albiach-Serrano, A.; Guillen-Salazar, F.; Call, J. |
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Title |
Mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus lunulatus) solve the reverse contingency task without a modified procedure |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Problem solving often relies on generating new responses while inhibiting others, particularly prepotent ones. A paradigm to study inhibitory abilities is the reverse contingency task (Boysen and Berntson in J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 21:82-86, 1995), in which two different quantities of food are offered to an individual who receives the array he did not choose. Therefore, mastery of the task demands selecting the smaller quantity to obtain the larger one. Several non-human primates have been tested in the reverse contingency task. To date, only great apes and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have succeeded in the original task, with no need of procedural modifications as the large-or-none contingency, correction trials or symbolic stimuli substituting for actual food quantities. Here, four mangabeys were presented with two stimulus arrays of one and four raisins in the context of the reverse contingency task. Three of them learned to perform the task well above chance without a modified procedure. They also reached above-chance performance when presented with two stimulus arrays of zero and four raisins, despite the initial difficulty of choosing a null quantity. After a period of 7-10 months, in which the animals were not tested on any task, all three subjects continued to perform well, even when presented with novel quantity pairs. |
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Unidad de Etologia y Bienestar Animal, Universidad Cardenal Herrera, 46113, Moncada (Valencia), Spain, analse@alumni.uv.es |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17318622 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2418 |
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Author |
Subiaul, F.; Romansky, K.; Cantlon, J.F.; Klein, T.; Terrace, H. |
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Title |
Cognitive imitation in 2-year-old children (Homo sapiens): a comparison with rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Here we compare the performance of 2-year-old human children with that of adult rhesus macaques on a cognitive imitation task. The task was to respond, in a particular order, to arbitrary sets of photographs that were presented simultaneously on a touch sensitive video monitor. Because the spatial position of list items was varied from trial to trial, subjects could not learn this task as a series of specific motor responses. On some lists, subjects with no knowledge of the ordinal position of the items were given the opportunity to learn the order of those items by observing an expert model. Children, like monkeys, learned new lists more rapidly in a social condition where they had the opportunity to observe an experienced model perform the list in question, than under a baseline condition in which they had to learn new lists entirely by trial and error. No differences were observed between the accuracy of each species' responses to individual items or in the frequencies with which they made different types of errors. These results provide clear evidence that monkeys and humans share the ability to imitate novel cognitive rules (cognitive imitation). |
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Department of Speech and Hearing Science, The George Washington University, 1922 F Street, NW # 406E, Washington, DC, 20001, USA, subiaul@aol.com |
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1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:17287996 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2420 |
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Author |
Moskat, C.; Hauber, M.E. |
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Title |
Conflict between egg recognition and egg rejection decisions in common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) hosts |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Common cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) are obligate brood parasites, laying eggs into nests of small songbirds. The cuckoo hatchling evicts all eggs and young from a nest, eliminating hosts' breeding success. Despite the consistently high costs of parasitism by common cuckoos, great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) hosts sometime accept and other times reject parasitic eggs. To explore the cognitive basis of this seemingly maladaptive variation in host responses, we documented differences in egg rejection rates within 1-day periods just before and during the egg-laying cycle across host nests. Hosts rejected cuckoo eggs at 28% of nests during the pre-egg-laying stage, but when cuckoos exchanged the first host egg with the parasite egg, rejections increased to 75%. Even later, when several host eggs remained in a nest after parasitism, rejection rate fell to 37.5%. Experimental parasitism with conspecific eggs on the first and second day of host laying showed a similar directional change in relative rejection rates, dropping from 35 to 0%. Mistakes in egg discrimination (ejection error and ejection cost) were observed mostly in the latter part of the laying cycle, mainly when nests contained 5-6 eggs. These correlational and experimental patterns of egg rejection support a cognitive process of egg discrimination through several shifts in hosts' optimal acceptance thresholds of foreign eggs. The results are also consistent with the evolution of foreign egg rejection in the context of nest-sanitation (i.e. the removal of foreign objects). Our results suggest that common cuckoo hosts may recognize more eggs than they reject. This implies that the experience of the host with one or more of its own eggs in the clutch is a key factor in rejecting parasite eggs by allowing inspection and learning about their own clutch. |
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Animal Ecology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, c/o Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Ludovika ter 2., 1083, Hungary, moskat@nhmus.hu |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:17279422 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2421 |
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Author |
Pickering, C.M.; Hill, W. |
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Title |
Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2007 |
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J Environ Manage |
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This paper reviews recent research into the impact of recreation and tourism in protected areas on plant biodiversity and vegetation communities in Australia. Despite the international significance of the Australian flora and increasing visitation to protected areas there has been limited research on recreational and tourism impacts in Australia. As overseas, there are obvious direct impacts of recreation and tourism such as clearing of vegetation for infrastructure or damage from trampling, horse riding, mountain biking and off road vehicles. As well, there are less obvious but potentially more severe indirect impacts. This includes self-propagating impacts associated with the spread of some weeds from trails and roads. It also includes the severe impact on native vegetation, including many rare and threatened plants, from spread of the root rot fungus Phytopthora cinnamomi. This review highlights the need for more recreational ecology research in Australia. |
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International Centre for Ecotourism Research, Griffith University, PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Centre, Gold Coast, Qld. 9726, Australia |
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ISSN |
0301-4797 |
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Notes |
PMID:17234325 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2620 |
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Author |
Cheng, K. |
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K.J. Jeffery (ed) The neurobiology of spatial behaviourOxford University Press, Oxford, 2003 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, Wallotstr. 19, 14193, Berlin |
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1435-9448 |
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PMID:15015034 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2542 |
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Author |
Satorov, S.S.; Orzuev, M.I. |
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Title |
[Frequency of the isolation of staphylococci from domestic animals and strain identification] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Mikrobiologii, Epidemiologii, i Immunobiologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol |
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Issue |
12 |
Pages |
37-39 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Domestic/*microbiology; Bacteriophage Typing; Carrier State/microbiology/veterinary; Cats; Ecology; Goats; Horses; Perissodactyla; Sheep; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology/veterinary; Staphylococcus/classification/*isolation & purification |
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Abstract |
Staphylococci occur in donkeys more frequently than in other animals, and only from donkeys coagulase-negative staphylococci, characteristic of humans (S. hominis, S. capitis, S. cohnii), were isolated. Least frequently staphylococcal carrier state was registered in cats; in these animals only coagulase-negative strains were found to occur. From 30 donkeys coagulase-positive staphylococci belonging to 47 S. aureus strains were isolated. These strains differed from known ecological variants in their biological properties, thus suggesting the existence of S. aureus ecovar specific for donkeys. These strains did not coagulate human, bovine and ovine plasma, but coagulated rabbit plasma in 100% of cases and donkey plasma only in 53% of cases; at the same time they relatively often produced delta hemolysin, rarely phosphatase and hyaluronidase and never fibrinolysin. These strains were typed by KPC phages, mainly 116 and 117. |
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Russian |
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Original Title |
Chastota vydeleniia stafilokokkov u domashnykh zhivotnykh i identifikatsiia shtammov |
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ISSN |
0372-9311 |
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PMID:3445728 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2676 |
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Author |
Makarov, V.V.; Bakulov, I.A. |
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Title |
[Zoopathogenic arboviruses, their systematics and ecology] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1975 |
Publication |
Veterinariia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Veterinariia |
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11 |
Pages |
39-41 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Arboviruses/*classification/pathogenicity; Cattle; Deer; Ecology; Horses; Insect Vectors; Sheep; Swine; Turkeys; Viruses/*classification/pathogenicity |
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Russian |
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Zoopatogennye arbovirusy--sistematika i ekologiia |
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0042-4846 |
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PMID:814685 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2703 |
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Author |
Kaplan, A.I.; Borodovskii, M.I. |
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Title |
[Alternative animal behavior: a model and its statistical characteristics] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
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Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki |
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3 |
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29-32 |
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Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Male; Mathematics; *Models, Biological; *Models, Statistical; Rats; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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The rats' alternative behaviour in T-maze at simultaneous two-sided food refreshment in 13 trials a day during 6 days has been studied. It has been found that in the first testing days the indexes of alternative behaviour of animals correspond to the characteristics of the random alternation. However, on the 5-6th day of testing in the overwhelming majority of rats the true deviation of alternation index above or below than the theoretical values has been revealed. A question on the existence of two strategies of cognitive behaviour alteration and perseveration in rat population is under discussion. |
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Russian |
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Al'ternativnoe povedenie zhivotnykh: model' i statisticheskie kharakteristiki |
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0470-4606 |
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PMID:2742929 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2799 |
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