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Author |
Hanggi, E.B. |
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Title |
Interocular transfer of learning In horses (Equus caballus) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Equine Vet Sci |
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19 |
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8 |
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518-524 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3564 |
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Author |
Legare, C.H.; Nielsen, M. |
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Title |
Imitation and Innovation: The Dual Engines of Cultural Learning |
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Journal Article |
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Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Trends in Cognitive Sciences |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
688-699 |
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Abstract |
Imitation and innovation work in tandem to support cultural learning in children and facilitate our capacity for cumulative culture. Here we propose an integrated theoretical account of how the unique demands of acquiring instrumental skills and cultural conventions provide insight into when children imitate, when they innovate, and to what degree. For instrumental learning, with an increase in experience, high fidelity imitation decreases and innovation increases. By contrast, for conventional learning, imitative fidelity stays high, regardless of experience, and innovation stays low. We synthesize cutting edge research on the development of imitative flexibility and innovation to provide insight into the social learning mechanisms underpinning the uniquely human mind. |
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Elsevier |
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1364-6613 |
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doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2015.08.005 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5931 |
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McCann, J.S.; Heird, J.C.; Bell, R.W.; Lutherer, L.O. |
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Title |
Normal and more highly reactive horses. II. The effect of handling and reserpine on the cardiac response to stimuli |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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19 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
215-226 |
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A split-plot experiment evaluated the effect of handling and reserpine on the autonomic heart-rate response of yearling horses to various stimuli. The emotionality levels of 32 Quarter-Horse yearlings were rated by 4 experienced horsemen on a scale from 1 to 4 (1 = most nervous and erratic disposition; 4=quiet disposition). The yearlings were subsequently classified and penned based on their emotionality level; normal or nervous. Within each emotionality group, one-half the yearlings were handled daily for 14 days and the other one-half remained free in the pens. Following the handling treatment, every yearling was individually exposed to a series of stimuli, while the heart rate was monitored via a radio-telemetry system. A second treatment, reserpine, was subsequently given intramuscularly (0.005 mg/kg body weight) to one-half the yearlings of each treatment combination of emotionality and handling. The heart rate of the yearlings to the same series of stimuli previously employed was determined at 24 and 120 h and 16 days following the reserpine injection. Summarizing the results, the handled yearlings tended to exhibit lower heart rates with the handling stimulus, but the heart rate with a more novel stimulus was not affected by the previous handling treatment. Reserpine tended to suppress the heart rate of the unhandled group during the presence of a handler, but the permanency of this effect was not evident 16 days after the drug was administered. The reserpine-treated groups tended to exhibit the lowest heart-rate response to stimuli during the 120-h test-day following the administration of the drug. Heart-rate responses to the stimuli were not different between the normal and nervous yearlings. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4817 |
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Author |
McCann, J.S.; Heird, J.C.; Bell, R.W.; Lutherer, L.O. |
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Title |
Normal and more highly reactive horses. I. Heart rate, respiration rate and behavioral observations |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1988 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
3-4 |
Pages |
201-214 |
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Thirty-two Quarter horse yearlings were utilized in a split-plot experiment to establish behavioral tendencies for two levels of emotionality; normal and a more highly reactive level of emotionality termed nervous. Four observers who were experienced with horses scored the yearlings on an emotionality scale from 1 to 4, with 1 representing the highly nervous yearlings and 4 representing the quiet yearlings. Emotionality evaluations were based upon the response of the yearlings to a standard regimen of standing in a chute, being identified and being released from the chute. The inter-rater reliability coefficients were 0.90 for the normal yearlings and 0.65 for the nervous yearlings, indicating that the raters agreed less when evaluating the nervous yearlings. Yearling heart rates in the chute were correlated (r = -0.54, P<0.002) with the average emotionality score. Observational data on behavior collected 2 days following the emotionality scoring procedure indicated that the normal yearlings maintained a greater (P<0.001) individual distance than the nervous yearlings. From an activity summary, the normal yearlings spent 10.9% of the time lying down (LD), 79.1% standing (S), 9.6% walking or trotting (WT) and 0.4% of the time cantering or galloping (CG). The nervous yearlings spent 5.7% of the observational periods LD, 79.2% S, 11.7% WT and 3.4% CG. The nervous yearlings tended to have a higher overall activity index level than did the normal yearlings. Results indicate horses of different emotionality levels exhibited different behavioral patterns. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4818 |
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Author |
Lisa Nash, H.; Song, G.K.; Price, E.O. |
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Title |
Head partitions facilitate feeding by subordinate horses in the presence of dominant pen-mates |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1987 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
19 |
Issue |
1-2 |
Pages |
179-182 |
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The purpose of the following study was to determine if head partitions would facilitate feeding by subordinate horses in the presence of dominant pen-mates. Six pairs of mares, each with established dominant-subordinate relationships, were allowed to compete for feed in a 112-cm trough following 24 h of deprivation. Time spent feeding by each mare in each pair was recorded with a wire-mesh partition, a solid plywood partition or no partition dividing the trough. Differences in feeding times between dominant and subordinate mares were greatest in the absence of a partition and least (P<0.05) with the wire barrier in place. Differences in feeding times with the solid plywood barrier were not significantly different from either of the other treatment conditions. It was concluded that head partitions on a trough facilitate feeding by subordinate horses in the presence of dominant pen-mates and thus provide a more equitable distribution of food resources. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5411 |
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Author |
Worden, R.P. |
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Title |
Primate social intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Cognitive Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Cognit. Sci. |
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20 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
579-616 |
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Abstract |
A computational theory of primate social intelligence is proposed in which primates represent social situations internally by discrete symbol structures, called scripts. Three well-defined computational operations on scripts are sufficient to support social learning, planning, and prediction. This gives a formal, predictive model with which to analyse how primate social knowledge is acquired, as well as how it is used. The theory is compared with primate data, such as Cheney and Seyfarth's observations of vervet monkeys. It gives simple, understandable script-based analyses of many observed phenomena--such as the recognition and use of kin relations, learning of alarm calls, habituation to calls, knowledge of rank, tactical deception, and attachment behaviour. I argue that a tight, concise theory of social cognition, such as script theory, is needed to explain the rapid learning and social guile seen in primates. It also has the benefits of simplicity and testability. The extension of scripts to incorporate a primate theory of mind is described in a subsequent paper. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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407 |
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Author |
Houpt, K.; Marrow, M.; Seeliger, M. |
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A preliminary study of the effect of music on equine behavior |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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Volume |
20 |
Issue |
11 |
Pages |
691-737 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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1988 |
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Author |
Clark, T.B.; Peterson, B.V.; Whitcomb, R.F.; Henegar, R.B.; Hackett, K.J.; Tully, J.G. |
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Spiroplasmas in the Tabanidae |
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Journal Article |
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1984 |
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Israel Journal of Medical Sciences |
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Isr J Med Sci |
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20 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1002-1005 |
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Animals; Diptera/*microbiology/ultrastructure; Ecology; Female; Hemolymph/microbiology; Male; Maryland; North Carolina; Plants/microbiology; Spiroplasma/classification/*isolation & purification/physiology |
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Spiroplasmas were observed in seven species of the family Tabanidae (horse flies and deer flies). This is the fifth family of the order Diptera now known to harbor spiroplasmas. Noncultivable spiroplasmas were seen in the hemolymph of three species of the genus Tabanus, and cultivable forms were isolated from the guts of six species in three genera. Isolates from T. calens and T. sulcifrons were serologically similar and closely related to a spiroplasma in the lampyrid beetle, Ellychnia corrusca. These three isolates represent a new serogroup. Isolates from Hybomitra lasiophthalma were related to Group IV strains, while those from T. nigrovittatus and Chrysops sp. both represented new serogroups. At least some tabanids probably acquire spiroplasmas from contaminated flower surfaces. The possibility of vertebrate reservoirs for some tabanid spiroplasmas remains an open question. |
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0021-2180 |
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PMID:6511308 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2687 |
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Author |
Matsushima, T.; Izawa, E.-I.; Aoki, N.; Yanagihara, S. |
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Title |
The mind through chick eyes: memory, cognition and anticipation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Zoological Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zoolog Sci |
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20 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
395-408 |
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Animals; Birds/anatomy & histology/*physiology; Brain/anatomy & histology/cytology/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Memory/*physiology; Perception/physiology |
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To understand the animal mind, we have to reconstruct how animals recognize the external world through their own eyes. For the reconstruction to be realistic, explanations must be made both in their proximate causes (brain mechanisms) as well as ultimate causes (evolutionary backgrounds). Here, we review recent advances in the behavioral, psychological, and system-neuroscience studies accomplished using the domestic chick as subjects. Diverse behavioral paradigms are compared (such as filial imprinting, sexual imprinting, one-trial passive avoidance learning, and reinforcement operant conditioning) in their behavioral characterizations (development, sensory and motor aspects of functions, fitness gains) and relevant brain mechanisms. We will stress that common brain regions are shared by these distinct paradigms, particularly those in the ventral telencephalic structures such as AIv (in the archistriatum) and LPO (in the medial striatum). Neuronal ensembles in these regions could code the chick's anticipation for forthcoming events, particularly the quality/quantity and the temporal proximity of rewards. Without the internal representation of the anticipated proximity in LPO, behavioral tolerance will be lost, and the chick makes impulsive choice for a less optimized option. Functional roles of these regions proved compatible with their anatomical counterparts in the mammalian brain, thus suggesting that the neural systems linking between the memorized past and the anticipated future have remained highly conservative through the evolution of the amniotic vertebrates during the last 300 million years. With the conservative nature in mind, research efforts should be oriented toward a unifying theory, which could explain behavioral deviations from optimized foraging, such as “naive curiosity,” “contra-freeloading,” “Concorde fallacy,” and “altruism.” |
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Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Japan. matusima@agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp |
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0289-0003 |
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PMID:12719641 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2858 |
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Author |
Merl, S.; Scherzer, S.; Palme, R.; Möstl, E. |
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Pain causes increased concentrations of glucocorticoid metabolites in horse feces |
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Journal Article |
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2000 |
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Journal of Equine Veterinary Science |
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J Equine Vet Sci |
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20 |
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9 |
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586-590 |
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The concentration of 11,17-dioxoandrostanes (11,17-DOA), a group of cortisol metabolites, was measured using enzyme immunoassay in fecal samples of horses experiencing painful episodes. One group of horses consisted of 10 stallions castrated (samples were collected daily for 10 days); the other group was made up of 29 horses which were brought to an animal hospital because of signs of colic (samples were collected twice daily for six days). Before castration, median concentrations of 10.5 nmol/kg feces were measured. On days 1 and 2 after castration, median 11,17-DOA values increased up to 26.2 and 50.0 nmol/kg feces, respectively, and decreased thereafter to levels lower than at the beginning of the sampling period. High variations were measured between individual cases of colic. In animals with colic, all horses excreted more than 33 nmol 11,17-DOA/kg feces for various periods. The highest concentration measured was 885 nmol/kg feces. One animal out of the 29 colic horses did not show any clinical signs of pain upon arrival in the hospital. The 11,17-DOA values were below 17 nmol/kg feces in all those samples. From this data we conclude, that the concentration of 11,17-DOA in feces is a parameter for painful situations that have occurred one or two days earlier. |
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0737-0806 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6047 |
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