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Author |
Swartz, K.B. |
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Title |
What is mirror self-recognition in nonhuman primates, and what is it not? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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818 |
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64-71 |
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Animals; *Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; *Ego; Primates/*psychology |
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Department of Psychology, Lehman College of the City University of New York, Bronx 10468, USA |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:9237465 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4135 |
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Author |
Broom, D.M. |
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Title |
Cognitive ability and awareness in domestic animals and decisions about obligations to animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
126 |
Issue |
1-2 |
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1-11 |
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Keywords |
Cognition; Awareness; Self-awareness; Feelings; Emotions; Cognitive bias; Sentience; Welfare; Domestic animals |
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Abstract |
Observation of behaviour, especially social behaviour, and experimental studies of learning and brain function give us information about the complexity of concepts that animals have. In order to learn to obtain a resource or carry out an action, domestic animals may: relate stimuli such as human words to the reward, perform sequences of actions including navigation or detours, discriminate amongst other individuals, copy the actions of other individuals, distinguish between individuals who do or do not have information, or communicate so as to cause humans or other animals to carry out actions. Some parrots, that are accustomed to humans but not domesticated, can use words to have specific meanings. In some cases, stimuli, individuals or actions are remembered for days, weeks or years. Events likely to occur in the future may be predicted and changes over time taken into account. Scientific evidence for the needs of animals depends, in part, on studies assessing motivational strength whose methodology depends on the cognitive ability of the animals. Recognition and learning may be associated with changes in physiology, behaviour and positive or negative feelings. Learning and other complex behaviour can result in affect and affect can alter cognition. The demonstration of cognitive bias gives indications about affect and welfare but should be interpreted in the light of other information. All of the information mentioned so far helps to provide evidence about sentience and the level of awareness. The term sentience implies a range of abilities, not just the capacity to have some feelings. The reluctance of scientists to attribute complex abilities and feelings to non-humans has slowed the development of this area of science. Most people consider that they have obligations to some animals. However, they might protect animals because they consider that an animal has an intrinsic value, or because of their concern for its welfare. In social species, there has been selection promoting moral systems that might result in behaviours such as attempts to avoid harm to others, collaboration and other altruistic behaviour. An evaluation of such behaviour may provide one of the criteria for decisions about whether or not to protect animals of a particular species. Other criteria may be: whether or not the animal is known as an individual, similarity to humans, level of awareness, extent of feelings, being large, being rare, being useful or having aesthetic quality for humans. Cognitive ability should also be considered when designing methods of enriching the environments of captive animals. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5135 |
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Author |
Schwab, C.; Huber, L. |
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Title |
Obey or not obey? Dogs (Canis familiaris) behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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120 |
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3 |
Pages |
169-175 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Awareness; *Bonding, Human-Pet; *Cooperative Behavior; Cues; Dogs/*psychology; Humans; Motivation; *Nonverbal Communication; Social Perception; *Speech Perception; *Verbal Behavior |
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Sixteen domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were tested in a familiar context in a series of 1-min trials on how well they obeyed after being told by their owner to lie down. Food was used in 1/3 of all trials, and during the trial the owner engaged in 1 of 5 activities. The dogs behaved differently depending on the owner's attention to them. When being watched by the owner, the dogs stayed lying down most often and/or for the longest time compared with when the owner read a book, watched TV, turned his or her back on them, or left the room. These results indicate that the dogs sensed the attentional state of their owners by judging observable behavioral cues such as eye contact and eye, head, and body orientation. |
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Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. cpriberskyschwab@yahoo.de |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:16893253 |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4961 |
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Author |
Cheney, D.L.; Seyfarth, R.M.; Silk, J.B. |
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The responses of female baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) to anomalous social interactions: evidence for causal reasoning? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
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Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
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J Comp Psychol |
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109 |
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2 |
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134-141 |
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Animals; Attention; Auditory Perception; *Awareness; *Concept Formation; *Dominance-Subordination; Fear; Female; Hierarchy, Social; Papio/*psychology; *Social Behavior; Social Environment; Vocalization, Animal |
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Baboons' (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) understanding of cause-effect relations in the context of social interactions was examined through use of a playback experiment. Under natural conditions, dominant female baboons often grunt to more subordinate mothers when interacting with their infants. Mothers occasionally respond to these grunts by uttering submissive fear barks. Subjects were played causally inconsistent call sequences in which a lower ranking female apparently grunted to a higher ranking female, and the higher ranking female apparently responded with fear barks. As a control, subjects heard a sequence made causally consistent by the inclusion of grunts from a 3rd female that was dominant to both of the others. Subjects responded significantly more strongly to the causally inconsistent sequences, suggesting that they recognized the factors that cause 1 individual to give submissive vocalizations to another. |
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Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:7758289 |
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no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
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348 |
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Author |
Hoy, R. |
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Title |
Animal awareness: The (un)binding of multisensory cues in decision making by animals |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |
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Volume |
102 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
2267-2268 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Anura/physiology; *Awareness; *Behavior, Animal; Decision Making; Female; Male; Perception; Sensation |
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Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, 215 Mudd Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA. rrh3@cornell.edu |
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0027-8424 |
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PMID:15703288 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2821 |
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Broom, D.M.; Sena, H.; Moynihan, K.L. |
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Title |
Pigs learn what a mirror image represents and use it to obtain information |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Animal Behaviour. |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Behav. |
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Volume |
78 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
1037-1041 |
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Keywords |
awareness; cognition; learning; mirror; pig; Sus scrofa |
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Mirror usage has been taken to indicate some degree of awareness in animals. Can pigs, Sus scrofa, obtain information from a mirror? When put in a pen with a mirror in it, young pigs made movements while apparently looking at their image. After 5 h spent with a mirror, the pigs were shown a familiar food bowl, visible in the mirror but hidden behind a solid barrier. Seven out of eight pigs found the food bowl in a mean of 23 s by going away from the mirror and around the barrier. Naïve pigs shown the same looked behind the mirror. The pigs were not locating the food bowl by odour, did not have a preference for the area where the food bowl was and did not go to that area when the food bowl was visible elsewhere. To use information from a mirror and find a food bowl, each pig must have observed features of its surroundings, remembered these and its own actions, deduced relationships among observed and remembered features and acted accordingly. This ability indicates assessment awareness in pigs. The results may have some effects on the design of housing conditions for pigs and may lead to better pig welfare. |
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0003-3472 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5053 |
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Author |
Piggins, D.; Phillips, C.J.C. |
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Title |
Awareness in domesticated animals--concepts and definitions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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57 |
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3-4 |
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181-200 |
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Keywords |
Complex mind; Awareness; Humans; Domesticated animals; Conscious state |
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Humans will probably never experience the awareness of another species, but adopting a broad concept of awareness leads to the conclusion that other species have some awareness. The existence of a more complex mind in humans, compared with other species, leads some to suggest that awareness only exists in humans. We postulate that humans possess a significantly increased level of awareness, facilitated in particular by the acquisition of language, but that generally animals possess a level of awareness that is appropriate to their needs. Categories of awareness can be devised by identifying levels, such as are used in the identification of the conscious state in humans, or by ranking states of awareness in order of complexity. A scheme is proposed that combines these two approaches, which is considered suitable for use with domesticated animals. The advantages of identifying awareness as being sensation-, perception- or cognition-based are discussed, as well as the possibility of a scheme based on the degree and site of CNS processing. Finally, the acquisition of awareness by learning and inheritance is considered, and it is argued that in variable environments, animals will evolve increased awareness, whereas in very stable environments the energetic cost of awareness will encourage the evolution of less aware animals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4308 |
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Author |
Lomas, C.A.; Piggins, D.; Phillips, C.J.C. |
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Title |
Visual awareness |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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57 |
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3-4 |
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247-257 |
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Visual awareness; Colour vision; Rhythm |
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Awareness varies between different species and humans can never truly appreciate what it is like to be another individual, either of the same species or another. Visual perceptual faculties provide some evidence of the extent to which domesticated animals derive information from objects in their environment, whilst changes in behaviour resulting from different visual stimuli can also provide valuable information on the state of visual awareness. Extensive processing of potentially visual information must occur in all domesticated species, but is much less well understood than purely sensory based information. For example, sensory aspects of colour vision are reasonably well understood, but the role of wavelength variables in an animal's cognition and its colour experience is not clear. Considerable use is made of diurnal changes in photoperiod to synchronise endogenous rhythms to particular times of the day and the year. Variation in light intensity in natural images is also important for social reasons for animals to be able to discriminate between, e.g., different faces, but little is known about intensity preferences or the effects of intensity on behaviour. It appears likely that in many cases visual stimuli represent some of the most important influences on an animal's awareness, either alone or in combination with, e.g., olfactory cues. However, a much greater understanding of their processing is required before we can make useful deductions about visual awareness in domesticated animals. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4309 |
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Author |
Manns, J.R.; Clark, R.E.; Squire, L.R. |
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Title |
Standard delay eyeblink classical conditioning is independent of awareness |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
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J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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28 |
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1 |
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32-37 |
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Aged; *Awareness; *Blinking; *Conditioning, Classical; Humans |
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P. F. Lovibond and D. R. Shanks (2002) suggested that all forms of classical conditioning depend on awareness of the stimulus contingencies. This article considers the available data for eyeblink classical conditioning, including data from 2 studies (R. E. Clark, J. R. Manns, & L. R. Squire, 2001; J. R. Manns, R. E. Clark, & L. R. Squire, 2001) that were completed too recently to have been considered in their review. In addition, in response to questions raised by P. F. Lovibond and D. R. Shanks, 2 new analyses of data are presented from studies published previously. The available data from humans and experimental animals provide strong evidence that delay eyeblink classical conditioning (but not trace eyeblink classical conditioning) can be acquired and retained independently of the forebrain and independently of awareness. This conclusion applies to standard conditioning paradigms; for example, to single-cue delay conditioning when a tone is used as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and to differential delay conditioning when the positive and negative conditioned stimuli (CS+ and CS-) are a tone and white noise. |
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Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:11868232 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2769 |
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Author |
Crystal, J.D. |
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Systematic nonlinearities in the perception of temporal intervals |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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25 |
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1 |
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3-17 |
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Animals; *Attention; Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Male; Neural Networks (Computer); *Nonlinear Dynamics; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sensory Thresholds; *Time Perception |
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Rats judged time intervals in a choice procedure in which accuracy was maintained at approximately 75% correct. Sensitivity to time (d') was approximately constant for short durations 2.0-32.0 s with 1.0- or 2.0-s spacing between intervals (n = 5 in each group, Experiment 1), 2.0-50.0 s with 2.0-s spacing (n = 2, Experiment 1), and 0.1-2.0 s with 0.1- or 0.2-s spacing (n = 6 in each group, Experiment 2). However, systematic departures from average sensitivity were observed, with local maxima in sensitivity at approximately 0.3, 1.2, 10.0, 24.0, and 36.0 s. Such systematic departures from an approximately constant d' are predicted by a connectionist theory of time with multiple oscillators and may require a modification of the linear timing hypothesis of scalar timing theory. |
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Department of Psychology, Brown University, USA. jdcrys@facstaff.wm.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:9987854 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2776 |
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