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	Author	Tschudin, A.J.-P.C.
	Title	'Mindreading' Mammals? Attribution of Belief Tasks with Dolphins			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal	Anim Welfare
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	119-127
	Keywords
	Abstract	'Mindreading' or theory of mind (ToM) refers to the capacity to attribute mental states to others. This ability is regarded as a critical component of what has, to date, exclusively characterized the advanced social cognition displayed by humans. The false belief task is a key test for ToM in different animal species. On a standard non-verbal false belief task, humans pass from age 4, whereas non-human primates consistently fail. Neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence for dolphins, however, indicates that they are capable of passing ToM tasks. The current paper represents a synthesis of the relevant dolphin research on neocortical evolution and non-invasive behavioural tests of precursors for ToM and the attribution of beliefs. The success of dolphins on attribution of belief tasks, in the absence of learning or cueing, indicates that they are capable of 'mindreading'. What are the implications of animal 'mindreading'? ToM tasks probe for reflexive consciousness and, by this criterion, dolphins may display reflexive consciousness. The implication of this conclusion is that future behavioural studies of social cognition will have considerable ethical and legal implications for animal welfare.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3491
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	Author	Wemelsfelder, F.
	Title	The Inside and Outside Aspects of Consciousness: Complementary Approaches to the Study of Animal Emotion			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	129-139
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3492
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	Author	Lea, S.E.G.
	Title	Anticipation and Memory as Criteria for Special Welfare Consideration			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	195-208
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3493
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	Author	Held, S.; Mendl, M.; Devereux, C.; Byrne, R.W.
	Title	Studies in Social Cognition: From Primates to Pigs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Welfare	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	10	Issue		Pages	209-217
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3494
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	Author	Mushiake H.; Saito N.; Sakamoto K.; Sato Y.; Tanji J.
	Title	Visually based path-planning by Japanese monkeys			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Cognitive Brain Research	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	11	Issue		Pages	165-169
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3476
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Bystander effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	12	Issue	3	Pages	348-352
	Keywords
	Abstract	Prior modeling work has found that pure winner and loser effects (i.e., changing the estimation of your own fighting ability as a function of direct prior experience) can have important consequences for hierarchy formation. Here these models are extended to incorporate “bystander effects.” When bystander effects are in operation, observers (i.e., bystanders) of aggressive interactions change their assessment of the protagonists' fighting abilities (depending on who wins and who loses). Computer simulations demonstrate that when bystander winner effects alone are at play, groups have a clear omega (bottom-ranking individual), while the relative position of other group members remains difficult to determine. When only bystander loser effects are in operation, wins and losses are randomly distributed throughout a group (i.e., no discernible hierarchy). When pure and bystander winner effects are jointly in place, a linear hierarchy, in which all positions (i.e., {alpha} to {delta} when N = 4) are clearly defined, emerges. Joint pure and bystander loser effects produce the same result. In principle one could test the predictions from the models developed here in a straightforward comparative study. Hopefully, the results of this model will spur on such studies in the future.
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/12.3.348			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	441
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	Author	Anderson, C.; Franks, N.R.
	Title	Teams in animal societies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	12	Issue	5	Pages	534-540
	Keywords	animal societies, cooperation, division of labor, groups, invertebrates, task types, teams, vertebrates
	Abstract	We review the existence of teams in animal societies. Teams have previously been dismissed in all but a tiny minority of insect societies. “Team” is a term not generally used in studies of vertebrates. We propose a new rigorous definition of a team that may be applied to both vertebrate and invertebrate societies. We reconsider what it means to work as a team or group and suggest that there are many more teams in insect societies than previously thought. A team task requires different subtasks to be performed concurrently for successful completion. There is a division of labor within a team. Contrary to previous reviews of teams in social insects, we do not constrain teams to consist of members of different castes and argue that team members may be interchangeable. Consequently, we suggest that a team is simply the set of individuals that performs a team task. We contrast teams with groups and suggest that a group task requires the simultaneous performance and cooperation of two or more individuals for successful completion. In a group, there is no division of labor--each individual performs the same task. We also contrast vertebrate and invertebrate teams and find that vertebrate teams tend to be associated with hunting and are based on individual recognition. Invertebrate teams occur in societies characterized by a great deal of redundancy, and we predict that teams in insect societies are more likely to be found in large polymorphic (“complex”) societies than in small monomorphic (“simple”) societies.
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/12.5.534			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2070
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	Author	Doutrelant, C.; McGregor, P. K.; Oliveira, R. F.
	Title	The effect of an audience on intrasexual communication in male Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	12	Issue		Pages	283-286
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4224
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	Author	Baragli, P.; Tedeschi, D.; Masini, A.P.; Magnaghi, N.; Martelli, F.; Sighieri, C.
	Title	Estimation of performance in elite endurance horses by means of an exercise test in field conditions			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Ippologia	Abbreviated Journal	Valutazione della performance in cavalli da endurance di elite mediante test diesercizio in campo
	Volume	12	Issue	1	Pages	13-19
	Keywords
	Abstract	In human sports medicine exercise tests are normally used to check training progression. Correlation tests between blood lactate concentration and exercise speed are often used for this purpose. Studies have been done to adjust exercise tests for athletic horses using the same principle. The aim of this work was to verify the practical possibility that the anaerobic threshold in elite endurance horses could be calculated by adjusting a submaximal exercise field test in order to obtain reference parameters for endurance horses. Ten selected horses from the Italian National Endurance Team were used for this study. The tests were conducted on an 800 meters grass oval. Horses performed three steps (800 meters every step), at increasing speed with two minute intervals between each step. Riders were informed of the ideal speed for every step (5, 7.5, 10 m/s) and the real velocity was calculated on the basis of time taken to finish a single step. Blood samples were obtained via venipuncture from the jugular vein, immediately before the beginning of the test and 60 seconds after the end of each step. The following parameters were evaluated for each horse: individual anaerobic threshold (VSI), anaerobic threshold (V4) and exercise velocity corresponding to a lactate concentration of 2 mM/I (V2). Analysis of results indicate that lactate concentration is exponentially related to exercise speed for the entire test. VSI, V4, V2, were (mearttsd): 25.7±5.1; 30.5±2.5; 21.1±2.9 km/h respectively.
	Address	Dipto. Anat., Biochim. Fisiol. Vet., Univ. degli Studi di Pisa
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	Notes	Export Date: 13 November 2008; Source: Scopus			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4654
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	Author	Creel, S.
	Title	Social dominance and stress hormones			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Trends in Ecology & Evolution	Abbreviated Journal	Trends. Ecol. Evol
	Volume	16	Issue	9	Pages	491-497
	Keywords	Dominance; rank; stress; glucocorticoids; cooperative breeding; sociality; behavioural endocrinology; mammals
	Abstract	In most cooperatively breeding birds and mammals, reproductive rates are lower for social subordinates than for dominants, and it is common for reproduction in subordinates to be completely suppressed. Early research conducted in captivity showed that losing fights can increase glucocorticoid (GC) secretion, a general response to stress. Because GCs can suppress reproduction, it has been widely argued that chronic stress might underlie reproductive suppression of social subordinates in cooperative breeders. Contradicting this hypothesis, recent studies of cooperative breeders in the wild show that dominant individuals have elevated GCs more often than do subordinates. The findings that elevated GCs can be a consequence of subordination or a cost of dominance complicate the conventional view of social stress, with broad ramifications for the evolution of dominance and reproductive suppression.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4072
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