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Author |
McGreevy, P.D.; McLean, A.N. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Punishment in horse-training and the concept of ethical equitation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Vet. Behav. |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
4 |
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5 |
Pages |
193-197 |
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Keywords |
conditioning; welfare; ethical equitation; horse; punishment; training |
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Abstract |
By definition, punishment makes a response less likely in the future. Because horses are largely trained by negative reinforcement, they are susceptible to inadvertent punishment. Delays in the release of pressure can make desirable responses less likely and thus punish them. This study examines the correct use of negative reinforcement and identifies a continuum between poorly timed negative reinforcement and punishment. It explores some of the problems of non-contingent punishment and the prospect of learned helplessness and experimental neurosis. It concludes by introducing the concept of ethical equitation. |
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1558-7878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6599 |
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Brown, R.F.; Houpt, K.A.; Schryver, H.F. |
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Title |
Stimulation of food intake in horses by diazepam and promazine |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Pharmacol Biochem Behav |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
5 |
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4 |
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495-497 |
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Age Factors; Animals; Diazepam/*pharmacology; Diet; Feeding Behavior/*drug effects; Female; Horses/*physiology; Male; Promazine/*pharmacology; Stimulation, Chemical |
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In two adult horses doses of 0.02-0.03 mg/kg diazepam, intravenously, increased 1 hr intake 54-75% above control levels. Intake was stimulated when the diet was a high grain, calorically dense one and also when the diet was a high fiber, calorically dilute one. Two young rapidly growing weanling horses showed an even more pronounced stimulation of intake. Following diazepam 1 hr intake was increased 105-240% above control lelvels. Promazine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg also stimulated intake in adult horses, but not as markedly as did diazepam. A transquilizer and a neuroleptic appear to have a stimulatory eff upon short-term intake in horses. |
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0091-3057 |
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PMID:1005496 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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60 |
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Gácsi, M.; McGreevy, P.; Kara, E.; Miklósi, Á. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Effects of selection for cooperation and attention in dogs |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
Publication |
Behavioral and Brain Functions |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav Brain Funct |
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5 |
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31 |
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that the functional similarities in the socio-cognitive behaviour of dogs and humans emerged as a consequence of comparable environmental selection pressures. Here we use a novel approach to account for the facilitating effect of domestication in dogs and reveal that selection for two factors under genetic influence (visual cooperation and focused attention) may have led independently to increased comprehension of human communicational cues. METHOD: In Study 1, we observed the performance of three groups of dogs in utilizing the human pointing gesture in a two-way object choice test. We compared breeds selected to work while visually separated from human partners (N = 30, 21 breeds, clustered as independent worker group), with those selected to work in close cooperation and continuous visual contact with human partners (N = 30, 22 breeds, clustered as cooperative worker group), and with a group of mongrels (N = 30).Secondly, it has been reported that, in dogs, selective breeding to produce an abnormal shortening of the skull is associated with a more pronounced area centralis (location of greatest visual acuity). In Study 2, breeds with high cephalic index and more frontally placed eyes (brachycephalic breeds, N = 25, 14 breeds) were compared with breeds with low cephalic index and laterally placed eyes (dolichocephalic breeds, N = 25, 14 breeds). RESULTS: In Study 1, cooperative workers were significantly more successful in utilizing the human pointing gesture than both the independent workers and the mongrels.In study 2, we found that brachycephalic dogs performed significantly better than dolichocephalic breeds. DISCUSSION: After controlling for environmental factors, we have provided evidence that at least two independent phenotypic traits with certain genetic variability affect the ability of dogs to rely on human visual cues. This finding should caution researchers against making simple generalizations about the effects of domestication and on dog-wolf differences in the utilization of human visual signals. |
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Dept, of Ethology, Eotvos University, H-1117, Budapest, Pazmany P, s, 1/c,, Hungary. gm.art@t-online.hu |
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1744-9081 |
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PMID:19630939 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4968 |
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Author |
Rappolt, G. A.; John, J.; Thompson, N. S. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Canine responses to familiar and unfamiliar humans |
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Journal Article |
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1979 |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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Aggressive Behavior |
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2 |
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155-161 |
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Dogs were observed during controlled approaches by their owners and by strangers. Significant differences between the dogs' responses to their owners and their responses to strangers were found. These results supported the popular belief that dogs respond differently to different persons, and not merely to different situations in which persons are usually encountered. |
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Departments of Biology and Psychology, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts DOI – 10.1002/1098-2337(1979)5 – 2<155 – - AID-AB2480050206>3.0.CO;2-D |
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Copyright © 1979 Wiley-Liss, Inc., A Wiley Company |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4978 |
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Tomkins, L.M.; Williams, K.A.; Thomson, P.C.; McGreevy, P.D. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Sensory Jump Test as a measure of sensory (visual) lateralization in dogs (Canis familiaris) |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Journal of Veterinary Behavior |
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5 |
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256-267 |
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sensory lateralization; monocular vision; binocular vision; jump kinematics; dog |
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Sensory lateralization in dogs (n = 74) was investigated in this study using our innovation, the Sensory Jump Test. This required the modification of head halters to create three different ocular treatments (binocular, right, and left monocular vision) for eye preference assessment in a jumping task. Ten jumps were recorded as a jump set for each treatment. Measurements recorded included (i) launch and landing paws, (ii) type of jump, (iii) approach distance, (iv) clearance height of the forepaw, hindpaw, and the lowest part of the body to clear the jump, and (v) whether the jump was successful. Factors significantly associated with these jump outcomes included ocular treatment, jump set number, and replication number. Most notably, in the first jump set, findings indicated a left hemispheric dominance for the initial navigation of the Sensory Jump Test, as left monocular vision (LMV) compromised of jumping more than right monocular (RMV) and binocular vision, with a significantly reduced approach distance and forepaw clearance observed in dogs with LMV. However, by the third jump set, dogs undergoing LMV launched from a greater approach distance and with a higher clearance height, corresponding to an increase in success rate of the jump, in comparison with RMV and binocular vision dogs. A marginally non-significant RMV bias was observed for eye preference based on the laterality indices for approach distance (P = 0.060) and lowest body part clearance height (P = 0.067). A comparison between eye preference and launching or landing paws showed no association between these measures of sensory and motor laterality. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on sensory lateralization in the dog, and furthermore, to compare both motor and sensory laterality in dogs. |
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1558-7878 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1558-7878(10)00019-5 |
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5379 |
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McGreevy, P.D.; Harman, A.; McLean, A.; Hawson, L. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Over-flexing the horse's neck: A modern equestrian obsession? |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
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4 |
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180-186 |
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We used an opportunistic review of photographs of different adult and juvenile horses walking, trotting, and cantering (n = 828) to compare the angle of the nasal plane relative to vertical in feral and domestic horses at liberty (n = 450) with ridden horses advertised in a popular Australian horse magazine (n = 378). We assumed that horses in advertisements were shown at, what was perceived by the vendors to be, their best. Of the ridden horses, 68% had their nasal plane behind the vertical. The mean angle of the unridden horses at walk, trot, and canter (30.7 ± 11.5; 27.3 ± 12.0; 25.5 ± 11.0) was significantly greater than those of the ridden horses (1.4 ± 14.1; ?5.1 ± ?11.1; 3.1 ± 15.4, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, unridden domestic horses showed greater angles than feral horses or domestic horses at liberty. We compared adult and juvenile horses in all 3 gaits and found no significant difference. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the longitudinal neck flexion of the degree desirable by popular opinion in ridden horses is not a common feature of unridden horses moving naturally. Moreover, they suggest that advertised horses in our series are generally being ridden at odds with their natural carriage and contrary to the international rules of dressage (as published by the International Equestrian Federation). These findings are discussed against the backdrop of the established doctrine, which states that carrying a rider necessitates changes in longitudinal flexion, and in the context of the current debate around hyperflexion. |
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Elsevier |
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doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2010.03.004 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6501 |
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Zentall, T.R.; Hogan, D.E.; Edwards, C.A.; Hearst, E. |
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Oddity learning in the pigeon as a function of the number of incorrect alternatives |
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Journal Article |
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1980 |
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Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
6 |
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3 |
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278-299 |
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Animals; Choice Behavior; *Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning |
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Pigeons' rate of learning a two-color oddity task increased as a function of the number of incorrect alternatives from 2 to 24 in Experiments 1, 2, and 3. In general, pigeons that were transferred from many-incorrect-alternative to two-incorrect-alternative oddity performed better than controls, but considerably below baseline (Experiments 2 and 3). In Experiment 4, pigeons showed no unconditioned tendency to peck the odd stimulus among 24 incorect alternatives, when pecks were nondifferentially reinforced, and in Experiment 5, when this procedure was preceded by oddity training, a progressive drop in odd-stimulus pecking was found. In Experiment 6, pigeons exposed to a nine-stimulus array in which the odd stimulus appeared (a) in the center or (b) separate from the array learned faster than when the odd stimulus was at the edge. This outcome suggests ththe figure-ground relation between the odd stimulus and the incorrect alternatives plays a role in the facilitation produced by increasing the number of incorrect alternatives but that poor performance on the standard, three-alternative oddity task appears to be due to center-odd trials which provide a difficult size or number discrimination. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:7391753 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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268 |
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Author |
Shettleworth, S.J.; Juergensen, M.R. |
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Title |
Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1980 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
6 |
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4 |
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352-375 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Cricetinae; Electric Stimulation; Female; Hypothalamus/*physiology; Male; Medial Forebrain Bundle/physiology; Mesocricetus; *Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Golden hamsters were reinforced with intracranial electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ICS) for spending time engaging in one of seven topographically defined action patterns (APs). The stimulation used as reinforcer elicited hoarding and/or feeding and supported high rates of bar pressing. In Experiment 1, hamsters were reinforced successively for digging, open rearing, and face washing. Digging increased most in time spent, and face washing increased least. Experiments 2-5 examined these effects further and also showed that “scrabbling,” like digging, was performed a large proportion of the time, almost without interruption, for contingent ICS but that scratching the body with a hindleg and scent-marking showed relatively little effect of contingent ICS, the latter even in an environment that facilitated marking. In Experiment 6, naive hamsters received ICS not contingent on behavior every 30 sec (fixed-time 30-sec schedule). Terminal behaviors that developed on this schedule were APs that were easy to reinforce in the other experiments, but a facultative behavior, face washing, was one not so readily reinforced. Experiment 7 confirmed a novel prediction from Experiment 6--that wall rearing, a terminal AP, would be performed at a high level for contingent ICS. All together, the results point to both motivational factors and associative factors being involved in the considerable differences in performance among different reinforced activities. |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:6968817 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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386 |
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Author |
Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
![find record details (via OpenURL) openurl](img/xref.gif)
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Title |
Toward a theory of dominance hierarchies: effects of assessment, group size, and variation in fighting ability |
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Journal Article |
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1995 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
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Behav. Ecol. |
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4 |
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416-423 |
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We introduce assessment to the analysis of dominance hierarchies by exploring the effect of an evolutionarily stable fighting rule when there is variation in resource holding potential (RHP) and RHP is not a perfectly reliable predictor of the outcome of a fight. With assessment, the probability of a linear hierarchy decreases with group size but can remain appreciable for groups of up to seven or eight individuals, whereas it decreases virtually to zero if there is no assessment. The probability of a hierarchy that correlates perfectly with RHP is low unless group size is small. |
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10.1093/beheco/6.4.416 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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447 |
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Baragli, P.; Mariti, C.; Petri, L.; De Giorgio, F.; Sighieri, C. |
![goto web page (via DOI) doi](img/doi.gif)
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Title |
Does attention make the difference? Horses' response to human stimulus after 2 different training strategies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res |
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Volume ![sorted by Volume (numeric) field, ascending order (up)](img/sort_asc.gif) |
6 |
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1 |
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31-38 |
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attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training |
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We hypothesized that in an open environment, horses cope with a series of challenges in
their interactions with human beings. If the horse is not physically constrained and is free to move
in a small enclosure, it has additional options regarding its behavioral response to the trainer. The
aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of 2 different training strategies on the horse’s behavioral
response to human stimuli. In all, 12 female ponies were randomly divided into the following 2
groups: group A, wherein horses were trained in a small enclosure (where indicators of the level of
attention and behavioral response were used to modulate the training pace and the horse’s control over
its response to the stimuli provided by the trainer) and group B, wherein horses were trained in a closed
environment (in which the trainer’s actions left no room for any behavioral response except for the one
that was requested). Horses’ behavior toward the human subject and their heart rate during 2 standardized
behavioral tests were used to compare the responses of the 2 groups. Results indicated that the
horses in group A appeared to associate human actions with a positive experience, as highlighted by
the greater degree of explorative behavior toward human beings shown by these horses during the tests.
The experience of the horses during training may have resulted in different evaluations of the person, as
a consequence of the human’s actions during training; therefore, it seems that horses evaluate human
beings on daily relationship experiences. |
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attention; exploration; horse; human stimulus; training |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5286 |
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