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| Author | Sovrano, V.; Bisazza, A. | ||||
| Title | Recognition of partly occluded objects by fish | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
Volume  |
11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1435-9448 |
| Keywords | Visual completion – Amodal completion – Occlusion – Visual recognition – Fish | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract The ability to visually complete partly occluded objects (so-called `“amodal completion”) has been documented in mammals and birds. Here, we report the first evidence of such a perceptual ability in a fish species. Fish (Xenotoca eiseni) were trained to discriminate between a complete and an amputated disk. Thereafter, the fish performed test trials in which hexagonal polygons were either exactly juxtaposed or only placed close to the missing sectors of the disk in order to produce or not produce the impression (to a human observer) of an occlusion of the missing sectors of the disk by the polygon. In another experiment, fish were first trained to discriminate between hexagonal polygons that were either exactly juxtaposed or only placed close to the missing sectors of a disk, and then tested for choice between a complete and an amputated disk. In both experiments, fish behaved as if they were experiencing visual completion of the partly occluded stimuli. These findings suggest that the ability to visually complete partly occluded objects may be widespread among vertebrates, possibly inherited in mammals, birds and fish from early vertebrate ancestors. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4217 | ||
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| Author | Bräuer, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. | ||||
| Title | Chimpanzees do not take into account what others can hear in a competitive situation | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1435-9448 |
| Keywords | Social cognition – Food competition – Perspective taking | ||||
| Abstract | Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) know what others can and cannot see in a competitive situation. Does this reflect a general understanding the perceptions of others` In a study by Hare et al. (2000) pairs of chimpanzees competed over two pieces of food. Subordinate individuals preferred to approach food that was behind a barrier that the dominant could not see, suggesting that chimpanzees can take the visual perspective of others. We extended this paradigm to the auditory modality to investigate whether chimpanzees are sensitive to whether a competitor can hear food rewards being hidden. Results suggested that the chimpanzees did not take what the competitor had heard into account, despite being able to locate the hiding place themselves by the noise. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Admin @ knut @ | Serial | 4218 | ||
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| Author | Krueger, K.; Heinze, J. | ||||
| Title | Horse sense: social status of horses (Equus caballus) affects their likelihood of copying other horses` behavior | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
11 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 431-439 |
| Keywords | copying, horse, social cognition, sociality | ||||
| Abstract | Animals that live in stable social groups need to gather information on their own relative position in the group`s social hierarchy, either by directly threatening or challenging others, or in a less costly manner, by observing interactions among others. Such indirect inference of dominance relationships has previously been reported from primates, rats, and birds and fish. Here, we show that domestic horses, Equus caballus, are similarly capable of social cognition. Taking advantage of a specific “following behavior” that horses show towards humans in a riding arena, we investigated whether bystander horses adjust their response to an experimenter according to the observed interaction and their own dominance relationship with the horse whose reaction to the experimenter they had observed before. Horses copied the following behavior towards an experimenter after watching a dominant horse following, but did not follow after observing a subordinate horse or a horse from another social group doing so. The following behavior which horses show towards an experimenter therefore appears to be affected by the demonstrator`s behavior and social status relative to the observer. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4324 | ||
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| Author | Beck, B.B. | ||||
| Title | Chimpocentrism: Bias in cognitive ethology | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1982 | Publication | Journal of Human Evolution | Abbreviated Journal | |
| Volume |
11 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 3-17 |
| Keywords | herring gull; chimpanzee; cognition; tool-use; shell-dropping; mollusk; predation | ||||
| Abstract | Herring gulls drop hard-shelled mollusks and hermit crab-inhabited molluskan prey in order to break the shells and gain access to the edible interior. A field study of predatory shell dropping on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A. showed that the gulls usually drop the same shell repeatedly, orient directly to dropping sites that are invisible from the point at which the mollusks are captured, drop preferentially on hard surfaces, adjust dropping heights to suit the area and elasticity of the substrate, orient directly into the wind while dropping, sever the large defensive cheliped of hermit crabs before consumption, and rinse prey that is difficult to swallow. Proficiency in prey dropping is acquired through dropping objects in play, trial-and-error learning, and perhaps, observation learning. Observable attributes of predatory shell-dropping support inferences that the gulls are capable of extended concentration, purposefulness, mental representation of spatially and temporally displaced environmental features, cognitive mapping, cognitive modeling, selectivity, and strategy formation. Identical cognitive processes have been inferred to underlie the most sophisticated forms of chimpanzee tool-use. Advanced cognitive capacities are not restricted to chimpanzees and other pongids, and are not associated uniquely with tool use. The chimpocentric bias should be abandoned, and reconstructions of the evolution of intelligence should be modified accordingly. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 4414 | ||
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| Author | Leliveld, L.M.C. | ||||
| Title | From Science to Practice: A Review of Laterality Research on Ungulate Livestock | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2019 | Publication | Symmetry | Abbreviated Journal | Symmetry |
| Volume |
11 | Issue | 9 | Pages | 1157 |
| Keywords | hemispheric asymmetries; farm animals; emotional processing; animal cognition; development; human-animal interactions; animal welfare | ||||
| Abstract | In functional laterality research, most ungulate livestock species have until recently been mainly overlooked. However, there are many scientific and practical benefits of studying laterality in ungulate livestock. As social, precocial and domestic species, they may offer insight into the mechanisms involved in the ontogeny and phylogeny of functional laterality and help to better understand the role of laterality in animal welfare. Until now, most studies on ungulate livestock have focused on motor laterality, but interest in other lateralized functions, e.g., cognition and emotions, is growing. Increasingly more studies are also focused on associations with age, sex, personality, health, stress, production and performance. Although the full potential of research on laterality in ungulate livestock is not yet exploited, findings have already shed new light on central issues in cognitive and emotional processing and laid the basis for potentially useful applications in future practice, e.g., stress reduction during human-animal interactions and improved assessments of health, production and welfare. Future research would benefit from further integration of basic laterality methodology (e.g., testing for individual preferences) and applied ethological approaches (e.g., established emotionality tests), which would not only improve our understanding of functional laterality but also benefit the assessment of animal welfare. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 6588 | ||
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| Author | Nguyen, N.H.; Klein, E.D.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Imitation of a two-action sequence by pigeons | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review | Abbreviated Journal | Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
12 | Issue | 3 | Pages | 514-518 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cognition; Columbidae; *Imitative Behavior; *Learning | ||||
| Abstract | Developmental psychologists have described imitation as a process that suggests perspective-taking abilities. However, imitative behavior has been found in animals, which are generally not considered capable of taking the perspective of another. Previous studies with birds have demonstrated the imitation of a single response (sometimes referred to as action-level imitation). In the present experiment, we examined the extent to which pigeons would imitate an unfamiliar sequence of two behaviors (sometimes referred to as program-level imitation). Our results indicate that, although there are individual differences, pigeons show a significant tendency to match a demonstrated sequence of behavior involving, first, a response to a treadle (pecking at it or stepping on it) and, second, pushing aside a screen that blocks access to food (a left-vs.-right push). | ||||
| Address | University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1069-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16235638 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 221 | ||
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| Author | Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Contrast and the justification of effort | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Psychonomic bulletin & review | Abbreviated Journal | Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
12 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 335-339 |
| Keywords | Awareness; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans. | ||||
| Address | University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1069-9384 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16082815 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 223 | ||
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| Author | Urcuioli, P.J.; Zentall, T.R. | ||||
| Title | Retrospective coding in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
12 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 69-77 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Color Perception; Columbidae; *Discrimination Learning; *Form Perception; *Memory; *Mental Recall; Orientation; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Retention (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | In this study we examined how coding processes in pigeons' delayed matching-to-sample were affected by the stimuli to be remembered. In Experiment 1, two groups of pigeons initially learned 0-delay matching-to-sample with identical comparison stimuli (vertical and horizontal lines) but with different sample stimuli (red and green hues or vertical and horizontal lines). Longer delays were then introduced between sample offset and comparison onset to assess whether pigeons were prospectively coding the same events (viz., the correct line comparisons) or retrospectively coding different events (viz., their respective sample stimuli). The hue-sample group matched more accurately and showed a slower rate of forgetting than the line-sample group. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained with either hues or lines as both sample and comparison stimuli, or with hue samples and line comparisons or vice versa. Subsequent delay tests revealed that the hue-sample groups remembered more accurately and generally showed slower rates of forgetting than the line-sample groups. Comparison dimension had little or no effect on performance. Together, these data suggest that pigeons retrospectively code the samples in delayed matching-to-sample. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:3701260 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 263 | ||
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| Author | Cynx, J.; Hulse, S.H.; Polyzois, S. | ||||
| Title | A psychophysical measure of pitch discrimination loss resulting from a frequency range constraint in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1986 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
12 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 394-402 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Birds; Cognition; Female; *Generalization, Stimulus; Male; *Pitch Discrimination; Psychoacoustics; Transfer (Psychology) | ||||
| Abstract | Earlier research (Hulse & Cynx, 1985) revealed that a number of species of songbirds acquired a pitch discrimination between rising and falling sequences in an arbitrarily defined training range of frequencies, but then failed to generalize the discrimination to new frequency ranges--a frequency range constraint. The two experiments here provide a psychophysical estimate of how pitch discrimination deteriorated in one species as sequences were stepped out from the training range. The gradient showing loss of discrimination was much sharper than would have been anticipated by stimulus generalization or the training procedures, and appeared unaffected by the removal of rising and falling frequency information. The frequency range constraint and its psychophysical properties have implications both for the analysis of birdsong and the study of animal cognition. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:3772303 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2786 | ||
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| Author | Rumbaugh, D.M.; Savage-Rumbaugh, S.; Hegel, M.T. | ||||
| Title | Summation in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1987 | Publication | Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes | Abbreviated Journal | J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
| Volume |
13 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 107-115 |
| Keywords | Animals; Choice Behavior; *Cognition; Male; *Mathematics; *Pan troglodytes; Visual Perception | ||||
| Abstract | In this research, we asked whether 2 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) subjects could reliably sum across pairs of quantities to select the greater total. Subjects were allowed to choose between two trays of chocolates. Each tray contained two food wells. To select the tray containing the greater number of chocolates, it was necessary to sum the contents of the food wells on each tray. In experiments where food wells contained from zero to four chocolates, the chimpanzees chose the greater value of the summed wells on more than 90% of the trials. In the final experiment, the maximum number of chocolates assigned to a food well was increased to five. Choice of the tray containing the greater sum still remained above 90%. In all experiments, subjects reliably chose the greater sum, even though on many trials a food well on the “incorrect” tray held more chocolates than either single well on the “correct” tray. It was concluded that without any known ability to count, these chimpanzees used some process of summation to combine spatially separated quantities. Speculation regarding the basis for summation includes consideration of perceptual fusion of pairs of quantities and subitization. | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 0097-7403 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:3572305 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2785 | ||
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