| Records |
| Author |
Neiworth, J.J.; Steinmark, E.; Basile, B.M.; Wonders, R.; Steely, F.; DeHart, C. |
| Title |
A test of object permanence in a new-world monkey species, cotton top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
27-37 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; *Memory; *Saguinus; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Cotton top tamarins were tested in visible and invisible displacement tasks in a method similar to that used elsewhere to test squirrel monkeys and orangutans. All subjects performed at levels significantly above chance on visible ( n=8) and invisible ( n=7) displacements, wherein the tasks included tests of the perseverance error, tests of memory in double and triple displacements, and “catch” trials that tested for the use of the experimenter's hand as a cue for the correct cup. Performance on all nine tasks was significantly higher than chance level selection of cups, and tasks using visible displacements generated more accurate performance than tasks using invisible displacements. Performance was not accounted for by a practice effect based on exposure to successive tasks. Results suggest that tamarins possess stage 6 object permanence capabilities, and that in a situation involving brief exposure to tasks and foraging opportunities, tracking objects' movements and responding more flexibly are abilities expressed readily by the tamarins. |
| Address |
Department of Psychology, Carleton College, MN 55057, Northfield, USA. jneiwort@carleton.edu |
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English |
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| ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:12658533 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2583 |
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| Author |
van der Willigen, R.F.; Frost, B.J.; Wagner, H. |
| Title |
How owls structure visual information |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume |
6 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
39-55 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Cognition; Depth Perception; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; *Strigiformes; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Recent studies on perceptual organization in humans claim that the ability to represent a visual scene as a set of coherent surfaces is of central importance for visual cognition. We examined whether this surface representation hypothesis generalizes to a non-mammalian species, the barn owl ( Tyto alba). Discrimination transfer combined with random-dot stimuli provided the appropriate means for a series of two behavioural experiments with the specific aims of (1) obtaining psychophysical measurements of figure-ground segmentation in the owl, and (2) determining the nature of the information involved. In experiment 1, two owls were trained to indicate the presence or absence of a central planar surface (figure) among a larger region of random dots (ground) based on differences in texture. Without additional training, the owls could make the same discrimination when figure and ground had reversed luminance, or were camouflaged by the use of uniformly textured random-dot stereograms. In the latter case, the figure stands out in depth from the ground when positional differences of the figure in two retinal images are combined (binocular disparity). In experiment 2, two new owls were trained to distinguish three-dimensional objects from holes using random-dot kinematograms. These birds could make the same discrimination when information on surface segmentation was unexpectedly switched from relative motion to half-occlusion. In the latter case, stereograms were used that provide the impression of stratified surfaces to humans by giving unpairable image features to the eyes. The ability to use image features such as texture, binocular disparity, relative motion, and half-occlusion interchangeably to determine figure-ground relationships suggests that in owls, as in humans, the structuring of the visual scene critically depends on how indirect image information (depth order, occlusion contours) is allocated between different surfaces. |
| Address |
Institut fur Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Kopernikusstrasse 16, 52074, Aachen, Germany. willigen@bio2.rwth-aachen.de |
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1435-9448 |
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| Notes |
PMID:12658534 |
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no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2582 |
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| Author |
Loveland, K.A. |
| Title |
Self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: ecological considerations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
254-257 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Attention; *Awareness; Body Image; Dolphins/*psychology; Exploratory Behavior; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Environment; Species Specificity; Television; *Visual Perception |
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| Address |
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77025, USA |
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| ISSN |
1053-8100 |
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| Notes |
PMID:8521267 |
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no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4161 |
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| Author |
Anderson, J.R. |
| Title |
Self-recognition in dolphins: credible cetaceans; compromised criteria, controls, and conclusions |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
239-243 |
| Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; *Awareness; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; Orientation; *Self Concept; Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception |
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| Address |
Laboratoire de Psychophysiologie, CNRS URA 1295, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France |
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English |
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1053-8100 |
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| Notes |
PMID:8521263 |
Approved |
no |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4163 |
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| Author |
Marten, K.; Psarakos, S. |
| Title |
Using self-view television to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Consciousness and Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Conscious Cogn |
| Volume |
4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
205-224 |
| Keywords |
Animal Communication; Animals; *Attention; Discrimination Learning; Dolphins/*psychology; Female; Male; *Self Concept; *Social Behavior; *Television; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
In mirror mark tests dolphins twist, posture, and engage in open-mouth and head movements, often repetitive. Because postures and an open mouth are also dolphin social behaviors, we used self-view television as a manipulatable mirror to distinguish between self-examination and social behavior. Two dolphins were exposed to alternating real-time self-view (“mirror mode”) and playback of the same to determine if they distinguished between them. The adult male engaged in elaborate open-mouth behaviors in mirror mode, but usually just watched when played back the same material. Mirror mode behavior was also compared to interacting with real dolphins (controls). Mark tests were conducted, as well as switches from front to side self-views to see if the dolphins turned. They presented marked areas to the self-view television and turned. The results suggest self-examination over social behavior. |
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Earthtrust, Kailua, Hawaii 96734, USA |
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English |
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1053-8100 |
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| Notes |
PMID:8521259 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
4164 |
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| Author |
Plotnik, J.; Nelson, P.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
| Title |
Visual field information in the face perception of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume |
1000 |
Issue |
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Pages |
94-98 |
| Keywords |
Animals; *Facial Expression; Pan troglodytes; Recognition (Psychology); Visual Fields/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology |
| Abstract |
Evidence for a visual field advantage (VFA) in the face perception of chimpanzees was investigated using a modification of a free-vision task. Four of six chimpanzee subjects previously trained on a computer joystick match-to-sample paradigm were able to distinguish between images of neutral face chimeras consisting of two left sides (LL) or right sides (RR) of the face. While an individual's ability to make this distinction would be unlikely to determine their suitability for the VFA tests, it was important to establish that distinctive information was available in test images. Data were then recorded on their choice of the LL vs. RR chimera as a match to the true, neutral image; a bias for one of these options would indicate an hemispatial visual field advantage. Results suggest that chimpanzees, unlike humans, do not exhibit a left visual field advantage. These results have important implications for studies on laterality and asymmetry in facial signals and their perception in primates. |
| Address |
Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. jmp63@cornell.edu |
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English |
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0077-8923 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14766624 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
175 |
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| Author |
de Waal, F.B.M. |
| Title |
Darwin's legacy and the study of primate visual communication |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
| Volume |
1000 |
Issue |
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Pages |
7-31 |
| Keywords |
Affect; Aggression/psychology; Animals; Culture; *Evolution; *Facial Expression; Gestures; Grooming; Humans; Laughter; *Nonverbal Communication; Primates/*physiology; Smiling; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
After Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872, we had to wait 60 years before the theme of animal expressions was picked up by another astute observer. In 1935, Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts published a detailed comparison of the expressive behavior of a juvenile chimpanzee and of her own child. After Kohts, we had to wait until the 1960s for modern ethological analyses of primate facial and gestural communication. Again, the focus was on the chimpanzee, but ethograms on other primates appeared as well. Our understanding of the range of expressions in other primates is at present far more advanced than that in Darwin's time. A strong social component has been added: instead of focusing on the expressions per se, they are now often classified according to the social situations in which they typically occur. Initially, quantitative analyses were sequential (i.e., concerned with temporal associations between behavior patterns), and they avoided the language of emotions. I will discuss some of this early work, including my own on the communicative repertoire of the bonobo, a close relative of the chimpanzee (and ourselves). I will provide concrete examples to make the point that there is a much richer matrix of contexts possible than the common behavioral categories of aggression, sex, fear, play, and so on. Primate signaling is a form of negotiation, and previous classifications have ignored the specifics of what animals try to achieve with their exchanges. There is also increasing evidence for signal conventionalization in primates, especially the apes, in both captivity and the field. This process results in group-specific or “cultural” communication patterns. |
| Address |
Yerkes Primate Center, and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. dewaal@emory.edu |
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English |
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0077-8923 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14766618 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
177 |
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| Author |
Klein, E.D.; Bhatt, R.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Contrast and the justification of effort |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
12 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
335-339 |
| Keywords |
Awareness; *Cognition; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Humans; Male; Questionnaires; *Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
When humans are asked to evaluate rewards or outcomes that follow unpleasant (e.g., high-effort) events, they often assign higher value to that reward. This phenomenon has been referred to as cognitive dissonance or justification of effort. There is now evidence that a similar phenomenon can be found in nonhuman animals. When demonstrated in animals, however, it has been attributed to contrast between the unpleasant high effort and the conditioned stimulus for food. In the present experiment, we asked whether an analogous effect could be found in humans under conditions similar to those found in animals. Adult humans were trained to discriminate between shapes that followed a high-effort versus a low-effort response. In test, participants were found to prefer shapes that followed the high-effort response in training. These results suggest the possibility that contrast effects of the sort extensively studied in animals may play a role in cognitive dissonance and other related phenomena in humans. |
| Address |
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0044, USA |
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English |
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1069-9384 |
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| Notes |
PMID:16082815 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
223 |
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| Author |
Zentall, S.S.; Zentall, T.R. |
| Title |
Activity and task performance of hyperactive children as a function of environmental stimulation |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1976 |
Publication |
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Consult Clin Psychol |
| Volume |
44 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
693-697 |
| Keywords |
Achievement; Acoustic Stimulation; *Arousal; Auditory Perception; Child; Humans; Hyperkinesis/*etiology; Photic Stimulation; Visual Perception |
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0022-006X |
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PMID:965541 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
272 |
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| Author |
Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J. |
| Title |
Uncertainty in pigeons |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
| Volume |
10 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
738-745 |
| Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception |
| Abstract |
Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions. |
| Address |
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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English |
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Edition |
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1069-9384 |
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| Notes |
PMID:14620372 |
Approved |
no |
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refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
366 |
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