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	Author	Mills, D.S.
	Title	Applying learning theory to the management of the horse: the difference between getting it right and getting it wrong			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Equine veterinary journal. Supplement	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J Suppl
	Volume		Issue	27	Pages	44-48
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horses/psychology; *Learning; Reinforcement (Psychology)
	Abstract	Horses constantly modify their behaviour as a result of experience. This involves the creation of an association between events or stimuli. The influence of people on the modification and generation of certain behaviour patterns extends beyond the intentional training of the horse. The impact of any action depends on how it is perceived by the horse, rather than the motive of the handler. Negative and positive reinforcement increase the probability of specific behaviours recurring i.e. strengthen the association between events, whereas punishment reduces the probable recurrence of a behaviour without providing specific information about the desired alternative. In this paper the term 'punishers' is used to refer to the physical aids, such as a whip or crop, which may be used to bring about the process of punishment. However, if their application ceases when a specific behaviour occurs they may negatively reinforce that action. Intended 'punishers' may also be rewarding (e.g. for attention seeking behaviour). Therefore, contingency factors (which define the relationship between stimuli, such as the level of reinforcement), contiguity factors (which describe the proximity of events in space or time) and choice of reinforcing stimuli are critical in determining the rate of learning. The many problems associated with the application of punishment in practice lead to confusion by both horse and handler and, possibly, abuse of the former. Most behaviour problems relate to handling and management of the horse and can be avoided or treated with a proper analysis of the factors influencing the behaviour.
	Address	De Montfort University Lincoln, School of Agriculture and Horticulture, Caythorpe, Lincs., UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:10485004			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	845
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	Author	Zehnder, A.M.; Ramer, J.C.; Proudfoot, J.S.
	Title	The use of altrenogest to control aggression in a male Grant's Zebra (Equus burchelli boehmi)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians	Abbreviated Journal	J Zoo Wildl Med
	Volume	37	Issue	1	Pages	61-63
	Keywords	Aggression/drug effects; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Behavior, Animal/drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Equidae/physiology; Female; Horses; Male; Treatment Outcome; Trenbolone/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use
	Abstract	A male Grant's Zebra (Equus burchelli boehmi) housed with two mares at the Indianapolis Zoo had a 9-yr history of intermittent aggressive behavior toward mares and other animals. Periods of separation allowed the mares time to heal after sustaining superficial bite wounds. On 26 March 2003, the male (890293) was started on altrenogest at a dosage of 19.8 mg orally once daily to allow reintroduction. The dosage was doubled (40 mg once a day) because of a perceived lack of response. Reintroduction to the mares occurred on 17 May 2003 with no signs of aggression noted. Treatment was reduced to 19.8 mg orally once a day and then discontinued. Altrenogest was restarted at 39.5 mg orally once a day because of the planned introduction of a new mare. There have been no major aggressive displays at this dosage of altrenogest and the dosage has recently been reduced following successful introduction of a new mare.
	Address	University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Street, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1042-7260	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17312816			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1772
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	Author	Robinson, H.C.
	Title	Equine interspecies aggression			Type
	Year	2007	Publication	The Veterinary record	Abbreviated Journal	Vet. Rec.
	Volume	160	Issue	7	Pages	244
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Equidae; Horses/physiology/*psychology
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17308028			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1773
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	Author	Scheibe, K.M.; Gromann, C.
	Title	Application testing of a new three-dimensional acceleration measuring system with wireless data transfer (WAS) for behavior analysis			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Behavior research methods	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Res Methods
	Volume	38	Issue	3	Pages	427-433
	Keywords	Acceleration; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/diagnosis; Computer Communication Networks/instrumentation; Forelimb/physiopathology; Fractals; Hindlimb/physiopathology; Horse Diseases/diagnosis; Horses; Imaging, Three-Dimensional/instrumentation/methods/veterinary; Lameness, Animal/diagnosis; Monitoring, Ambulatory/instrumentation/methods; Motor Activity; Movement; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods
	Abstract	A wireless acceleration measurement system was applied to free-moving cows and horses. Sensors were available as a collar and a flat box for measuring leg or trunk movements. Results were transmitted simultaneously by radio or stored in an 8-MB internal memory. As analytical procedures, frequency distributions with standard deviations, spectral analyses, and fractal analyses were applied. Bymeans of the collar sensor, basic behavior patterns (standing, grazing, walking, ruminating, drinking, and hay uptake) could be identified in cows. Lameness could be detected in cows and horses by means of the leg sensor. The portion of basic and harmonic spectral components was reduced; the fractal dimension was reduced. The system can be used for the detection and analysis of even small movements of free-moving humans or animals over several hours. It is convenient for the analysis of basic behaviors, emotional reactions, or events causing flight or fright or for comparing different housing elements, such as floors or fences.
	Address	Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany. kscheibe@izw-berlin.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1554-351X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17186752			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1775
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	Author	Huxley, J.
	Title	Equine interspecies aggression			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	The Veterinary record	Abbreviated Journal	Vet. Rec.
	Volume	159	Issue	25	Pages	860
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horses; Male; Sheep
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17172489			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1776
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	Author	Macholc, E.J.A.
	Title	Equine interspecies aggression			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	The Veterinary record	Abbreviated Journal	Vet. Rec.
	Volume	159	Issue	24	Pages	824
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Chickens; Ducks; *Horses; Species Specificity
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17158722			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1778
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	Author	Christensen, J.W.; Rundgren, M.; Olsson, K.
	Title	Training methods for horses: habituation to a frightening stimulus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	38	Issue	5	Pages	439-443
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Conditioning (Psychology); Fear; Heart Rate/physiology; Horses/physiology/psychology; Learning; Male; Random Allocation; Reinforcement (Psychology); Safety; Time Factors
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Responses of horses in frightening situations are important for both equine and human safety. Considerable scientific interest has been shown in development of reactivity tests, but little effort has been dedicated to the development of appropriate training methods for reducing fearfulness. OBJECTIVES: To investigate which of 3 different training methods (habituation, desensitisation and counter-conditioning) was most effective in teaching horses to react calmly in a potentially frightening situation. HYPOTHESES: 1) Horses are able to generalise about the test stimulus such that, once familiar with the test stimulus in one situation, it appears less frightening and elicits a reduced response even when the stimulus intensity is increased or the stimulus is presented differently; and 2) alternative methods such as desensitisation and counter-conditioning would be more efficient than a classic habituation approach. METHODS: Twenty-seven naive 2-year-old Danish Warmblood stallions were trained according to 3 different methods, based on classical learning theory: 1) horses (n = 9) were exposed to the full stimulus (a moving, white nylon bag, 1.2 x 0.75 m) in 5 daily training sessions until they met a predefined habituation criterion (habituation); 2) horses (n = 9) were introduced gradually to the stimulus and habituated to each step before the full stimulus was applied (desensitisation); 3) horses (n = 9) were trained to associate the stimulus with a positive reward before being exposed to the full stimulus (counter-conditioning). Each horse received 5 training sessions of 3 min per day. Heart rate and behavioural responses were recorded. RESULTS: Horses trained with the desensitisation method showed fewer flight responses in total and needed fewer training sessions to learn to react calmly to test stimuli. Variations in heart rate persisted even when behavioural responses had ceased. In addition, all horses on the desensitisation method eventually habituated to the test stimulus whereas some horses on the other methods did not. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Desensitisation appeared to be the most effective training method for horses in frightening situations. Further research is needed in order to investigate the role of positive reinforcement, such as offering food, in the training of horses.
	Address	Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Tjele, Denmark
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16986605			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1783
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	Author	Pritchard, J.C.; Barr, A.R.S.; Whay, H.R.
	Title	Validity of a behavioural measure of heat stress and a skin tent test for dehydration in working horses and donkeys			Type
	Year	2006	Publication	Equine veterinary journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	38	Issue	5	Pages	433-438
	Keywords	Age Factors; Animal Welfare; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Body Temperature/physiology; Body Weight/physiology; Case-Control Studies; Dehydration/diagnosis/pathology/veterinary; Drinking; Equidae; Female; Heat Stress Disorders/diagnosis/physiopathology/veterinary; Horse Diseases/diagnosis/pathology; Horses; Hypovolemia/diagnosis/physiopathology/veterinary; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Pakistan; Respiration; Skin/pathology; Species Specificity; Work
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Dehydration and heat stress are serious welfare issues for equids working in developing countries. There is a lack of any standardised method or validated interpretation of the skin tent test in horses and donkeys. Owners of dehydrated and heat-stressed animals often depend on veterinary examination for identification of these conditions, leading to delays in treatment and unnecessary reliance on external sources to effect welfare improvement. OBJECTIVES: To validate a standardised skin tent test for dehydration and a behavioural measure of heat stress in working equids; and to examine the effect of heat stress and dehydration on tripping and staggering behaviour. METHODS: The study was carried out on 130 working horses and donkeys in Pakistan. Associations between skin tent and blood parameters (packed cell volume [PCV], serum total protein [TP], serum osmolality), clinical parameters, resting and drinking behaviour were examined. Heat stress behaviour (increased respiratory rate and depth, head nodding, flared nostrils, apathy) was observed in conjunction with rectal temperature. Tripping and staggering were assessed using a simple obstacle course. RESULTS: In both species, heat stress behaviour was significantly associated with increased rectal temperature (P<0.001). A positive skin tent test was not significantly associated with PCV or TP, although in donkeys it was significantly associated with lower serum osmolality (P<0.001). More animals age >15 years had a positive skin tent than those in younger age groups (P = 0.037). Very thin horses were more likely to have a positive skin tent than those in thin or moderate condition (P = 0.028). There was no significant correlation between skin tent and tripping or staggering in either species. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Heat stress behaviour is related to increased body temperature in working horses and donkeys. Owners may use this to make judgements regarding rest and cooling, precluding the need to seek veterinary attention. The skin tent test for dehydration used in this study did not show a significant relationship with PCV or TP. However, the use of blood parameters to validate the skin tent test may be confounded by anaemia, hypoproteinaemia or electrolyte depletion. Alternative methods are needed to confirm or refute the validity of the skin tent test in working equids.
	Address	Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16986604			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1784
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	Author	Meral, Y.; Cakiroglu, D.; Sancak, A.A.; Cyftcy, G.; Karabacak, A.
	Title	Relationships between serum serotonin and serum lipid levels, and aggression in horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	DTW. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift	Abbreviated Journal	Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr
	Volume	114	Issue	1	Pages	30-32
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Case-Control Studies; Female; Horses/blood; Lipids/blood; Male; Serotonin/*blood
	Abstract	Levels of serum serotonin and serum lipids--triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and very low-density lipoprotein, were determined in normal horses and horses diagnosed with aggression on the basis of a questionnaire survey. Blood serotonin levels in aggressive horses were found to be significantly lower than in non-aggressive horses (P < 0.01), but no association was found with respect to blood lipids.
	Address	Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ondokuz Mayis, Samsun, Turkey. ymeral@omu.edu.t
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0341-6593	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17252934			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1835
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	Author	Mills, D.S.
	Title	Comments about the importance of behaviour to equine clinicians			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	39	Issue	1	Pages	95
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Clinical Competence; Horses/physiology; Humans; Veterinarians/psychology; Veterinary Medicine/*standards
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17228604			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1839
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