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	Author	König, H.E.; Wissdorf, H.; Probst, A.; Macher, R.; Voß, S.; Polsterer, E.
	Title	Considerations about the function of the mimic muscles and the vomeronasal organ of horses during the Flehmen reaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Pferdeheilkunde	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	21	Issue	4	Pages	297-300
	Keywords	Anatomy; Behaviour; Flehmen reaction; Horse; Vomeronasal organ
	Abstract	Additional to the olfactory epithelium, the equine vomeronasal organ serves to the perception of odorous substances and specially for pheromones. In a middle-size horse this organ has an extension in length from an imaginary transverse plane about 10 cm caudally the nostrils to a transverse plane through the middle of the second premolar tooth. During the Flehmen reaction the levator labii superior, nasolabial, caninus and lateralis nasi muscles contract. The upper lip and the tip of the nose are lifted. The opening of the nostrils is narrowed, caused by the convergence of the plate and horn of the alar cartilage. In this manner in case of Flehmen reaction air is directly conducted towards the opening of the vomeronasal organ into the nasal cavity during inspiration. During the “Flehmen” horses assume a characteristic posture.
	Address	Department für Pathobiologie (Institut für Anatomie), Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Wien, Austria
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	Notes	Export Date: 21 October 2008; Source: Scopus			Approved	yes
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4554
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	Author	McGreevy, P.D.; French, N.P.; Nicol, C.J.
	Title	The prevalence of abnormal behaviours in dressage, eventing and endurance horses in relation to stabling			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	The Veterinary record	Abbreviated Journal	Vet. Rec.
	Volume	137	Issue	2	Pages	36-37
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Horse Diseases/psychology; Horses; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Prevalence; Questionnaires; *Stereotyped Behavior
	Abstract	The behaviour of horses competing in different disciplines was studied and the relationship between the time they spent out of the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined. The owners of dressage, eventing and endurance horses were sent a questionnaire and a total of 1101 responses were received, giving data on 1750 horses. The behaviours studied were wood-chewing, weaving, crib-biting/wind-sucking and box-walking. The reported percentage prevalences of abnormal behaviour for the dressage, eventing and endurance horses were 32.5, 30.8 and 19.5, respectively. The relationship between the time spent in the stable and the prevalence of abnormal behaviour was examined by chi 2 tests which showed that there were significant linear trends for the eventing group (P < 0.001) and the dressage group (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the time a horse spends out of the stable is related to the discipline for which it is being trained and in dressage and eventing horses the time spent in a stable is correlated with an increased risk of abnormal behaviour.
	Address	University of Bristol, Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Langford
	Corporate Author				Thesis
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	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0042-4900	ISBN		Medium
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	Notes	PMID:8525580			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	89
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	Author	Ducro, B.J.; Koenen, E.P.C.; van Tartwijk, J.M.F.M.; van Arendonk, J.A.M.
	Title	Genetic relations of First Stallion Inspection traits with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition of Dutch Warmblood horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Livestock Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	107	Issue	1	Pages	81-85
	Keywords	Riding horse; Heritability; Stallion inspection; Dressage; Show-jumping
	Abstract	Genetic parameters for traits evaluated at the First Stallion Inspection (FSI) and genetic correlations with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition were estimated. Data comprised 2361 stallions with FSI-observations from 1994 through 1999. Genetic analyses were performed using univariate and bivariate animal models. Heritability estimates of the FSI-traits ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. FSI-traits related to gaits showed strong genetic correlations (above 0.70) and FSI-traits related to free jumping had correlations close to unity. Competition results of 23,897 horses with performance in dressage and 22,811 horses with performance in show-jumping were linked to the FSI data to estimate the genetic relationship with performance in competition. Heritability estimates for dressage and show-jumping were 0.14. Genetic correlation between FSI-gaits and dressage in competition were positive, ranging from 0.37 to 0.72. Genetic correlation between FSI-jumping traits and show-jumping were all above 0.80. FSI-jumping traits showed negative correlations with dressage (about – 0.48). FSI-gait traits showed negative correlations with show-jumping, except for canter. It is concluded that selection at First Stallion Inspection comprises an important component of the stallion selection program, because FSI-traits have good genetic relationships with performance in competition and, due to the number of animals involved, relative high selection intensities can be achieved.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3948
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	Author	Ducro, B.J.; Koenen, E.P.C.; van Tartwijk, J.M.F.M.; Bovenhuis, H.
	Title	Genetic relations of movement and free-jumping traits with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition of Dutch Warmblood horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Livestock Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	107	Issue	2-3	Pages	227-234
	Keywords	Horse; Heritability; Movement; Free-jumping; Dressage
	Abstract	Genetic parameters for traits evaluated at the studbook entry inspection and genetic correlations with dressage and show-jumping performance in competition were estimated. Data comprised 36,649 Warmblood horses that entered the studbook between 1992 and 2002. The genetic analyses were performed using univariate and bivariate animal models. Heritabilities of the studbook entry traits were estimated in the range 0.15-0.40. The movement traits showed moderate to strong mutual genetic correlations, whereas the genetic correlations of movement traits with free-jumping traits were weak to moderate. The free-jumping traits showed strong to very strong mutual genetic correlations. Competition results of 33,459 horses with performance in dressage and 30,474 horse with performance in show-jumping were linked to the studbook entry data to estimate the genetic relationship with performance in competition. Heritability estimates for dressage and show jumping were 0.14. Genetic correlations of the movement traits with dressage were moderate to strong, and with show-jumping weak to moderate. Genetic correlations of the free-jumping traits with dressage were weak to moderate and unfavourable. The free-jumping traits were genetically strong to very strong correlated to show-jumping. It was concluded that a selection of the traits evaluated at the studbook entry inspection will favourably contribute to estimation of breeding values for sport performance.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3947
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	Author	Thoren Hellsten, E.; Viklund, A.; Koenen, E.P.C.; Ricard, A.; Bruns, E.; Philipsson, J.
	Title	Review of genetic parameters estimated at stallion and young horse performance tests and their correlations with later results in dressage and show-jumping competition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Livestock Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	103	Issue	1-2	Pages	1-12
	Keywords	Genetic parameters; Sport horse; Performance test; Competition; Dressage; Show-jumping
	Abstract	Results from performance tests and competitions of young horses are used by major European warmblood horse breeding associations for genetic evaluations. The aim of this review was to compare genetic parameters for various tests of young horses to assess their efficiency in selection for dressage and show-jumping. Improved understanding of genetic information across countries is also necessary, as foreign trade with semen is rapidly increasing. The review is based on inquiries to European breed associations and on (17) scientific publications available, which have analysed genetic parameters of young horse data and/or relationships between young and mature horse results in sport. Despite differences in testing methods of young horses, results for major horse populations were in good agreement. Specially designed young horse performance tests, including stallion tests, showed high heritabilities and high genetic correlations with later competition results. We recommend that test results are encouraged to be used across countries for genetic evaluation of imported stallions and semen. Short station tests are generally preferred when selecting stallions for both dressage and jumping traits, whereas competition data may be used when selecting for only one discipline. We also recommend that extensive field testing of young horses is encouraged and should include both genders.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3951
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	Author	Buchner, H.H.F.; Obermuller, S.; Scheidl, M.
	Title	Body Centre of Mass Movement in the Sound Horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2000	Publication	The Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	160	Issue	3	Pages	225-234
	Keywords	Horse; centre of mass; kinematics; segment model; locomotion.
	Abstract	The body centre of mass (BCM) is a key factor in the analysis of equine locomotion, as its position and movement determines the distribution and magnitude of loads on the limbs. In this study, the three-dimensional (3D) movement of the BCM in walking and trotting horses was assessed using a kinematic, segmental method. Thirty markers representing 20 body segments were recorded in 12 sound horses while standing, walking and trotting on a treadmill using a high-speed video system. Based on segmental inertial data, 3D positions of the segmental centres of mass as well as the total BCM were calculated. The position within the trunk during square standing and the movements of the BCM were determined for the three planes. The position of the BCM in the standing horse is presented relative to external reference points. At the trot, vertical displacement amplitude of the BCM amounted to 53 (6) mm as mean (sd), which was 27% smaller than external trunk movement. Medio-lateral displacement amplitude of the BCM was 19 (4) mm, 34% less than trunk amplitude. Sagittal forward-backward oscillations of the BCM independent from general forward movement were 13 (3) mm, being 24% less than trunk movements. At the walk, vertical, medio-lateral and sagittal BCM movements were smaller than trunk movements by 43, 65 and 65% respectively. The results show reduced and efficient BCM movements compared to the trunk and form a basis for the assessment of various clinical conditions such as lameness, the influence of a rider and various dressage performances.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3959
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	Author	Denoix, J.M.
	Title	Approche mecanique des allures et du saut chez le cheval			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Science & Sports	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	6	Issue	2	Pages	117-124
	Keywords	cheval; locomotion; biomecanique; horse; locomotion; biomechanics
	Abstract	Resume La locomotion du cheval implique des contraintes mecaniques elevees sur les os, les articulations, les muscles et les tendons. Son etude permet de mieux connaitre les interventions actives ou passives de ces organes au cours des allures et du saut. Ces elements sont utiles pour la mise en oeuvre rationnelle d'exercices d'entrainement chez le cheval de sport ou de courses, en fonction des exigences de la discipline et des eventuels problemes locomoteurs du sujet. L'etude mecanique de la locomotion du cheval est par ailleurs indispensable pour l'amelioration de la connaissance des boiteries. Elle permet de preciser la genese des lesions osteoarticulaires et musculo-tendineuses et contribue a ameliorer leur traitement.Summary Locomotion of the horse is correlated with a great variety of mechanical stresses on bones, joints, muscles and tendons. Research on locomotion increases the knowledge of passive and active interventions of these structures during gaits and jump. These data are useful to manage the training of sport and jump horses, especially to fit with the particularities of the sport speciality and individual locomotor problems of horses. Beside, studies of locomotion in the horse are of importance to improve the knowledge of lamenesses. They contribute to precise the pathogenesis of osteoarticular and musculotendinous injuries and improve their treatment.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3976
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	Author	Murray, J.K.; Singer, E.R.; Morgan, K.L.; Proudman, C.J.; French, N.P.
	Title	Memory decay and performance-related information bias in the reporting of scores by event riders			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Preventive Veterinary Medicine	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	63	Issue	3-4	Pages	173-182
	Keywords	Reporting bias; Memory decay; Risk factors; Horse; Cross-country
	Abstract	We used data from a case-control study investigating risk factors for horse falls in the cross-country phase of eventing in Great Britain (GB) to examine evidence for memory decay and information bias. Responses to two questions obtained by telephone for 173 cases and 521 controls were examined for evidence of differential reporting according to the respondent's case-control status and performance in the dressage and cross-country phases of competitions. Information bias was found in the accuracy of reporting dressage penalty scores when analysed as a function of performance level (good/poor). Poor dressage performers were less likely to report accurate dressage scores than good performers. The accuracy of reporting dressage scores decreased as the time between the event and questionnaire completion increased, with no case-control interaction. Competitors who incurred cross-country jumping penalties at the event preceding the selected event reported their cross-country scores with less accuracy when compared with competitors who incurred no penalties. No information bias was found when the reporting of dressage and cross-country scores were analysed as a function of respondent category (case/control).
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3955
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	Author	Stock, K.F.; Distl, O.
	Title	Prediction of breeding values for osseous fragments in fetlock and hock joints, deforming arthropathy in hock joints, and pathologic changes in the navicular bones of Hanoverian Warmblood horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Livestock Production Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	92	Issue	1	Pages	77-94
	Keywords	Hanoverian Warmblood horse; Radiological status; Breeding values; Response to selection
	Abstract	The results of a standardised radiological examination of 5928 Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction were used to predict relative breeding values (RBV) in the 23,662 horses included in the last four generations of the probands' pedigrees. The distribution of the RBV was investigated in the whole four-generation pedigree, in the probands and in those stallions that contributed at least three offspring to the probands. The RBV of the probands' sires were further compared with the officially published performance-based relative breeding values, i.e., total indices dressage (TID) and jumping (TIJ). The sires' level of dressage indices was considerably higher (mean TID=110) than of the jumping indices (mean TIJ=98). Total indices radiographic findings (TIR) were calculated for the sires with varying weighting given to the individual RBV. In each case, this resulted in a mean TIR of 99. Finally, total indices were derived from TIR and TID and/or TIJ in order to develop different selection schemes for all-purpose breeding and for breeding focused on dressage and show jumping. All breeding values under consideration increased by between 1% and 19% when radiographic findings were weighted with between 30% and 60% complementary to the corresponding performance parameters, and when only sires were selected with above average total indices. At the same time, the prevalences of the radiographic findings investigated here were lowered by up to 10% each. When only one radiographic finding was considered at a time, the maximum attainable response to selection was a 16-23% increase in the relative breeding values and a relative decrease in prevalences of radiographic findings of between 31% and 52%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible in horse breeding to consider simultaneously health and performance traits. Medical data should be included in the prediction of breeding values in order to improve the radiological status of today's riding horses.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3953
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	Author	Koenen, E.P.C.; Aldridge, L.I.; Philipsson, J.
	Title	An overview of breeding objectives for warmblood sport horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Livestock Production Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	88	Issue	1-2	Pages	77-84
	Keywords	Breeding objective; Sport horse; Sport performance; Conformation; Specialisation
	Abstract	The aim of this paper is to review the current breeding objectives of organisations that run a selection programme for warmblood riding horses in the light of an increasing trend in trade of semen across countries. In a questionnaire, 19 horse breeding organisations provided information on breeding objective traits. Variation both in length and amount of details used to define individual breeding objectives was large, reflecting that many traits in sport horse breeding are not easy to measure, and therefore, have to be defined in a subjective way. The majority of the breeding objectives included conformation, gaits and performance in show jumping and dressage. Some breeding objectives also included behaviour, soundness, health and fertility. However, several organisations did not specify the sport discipline and the level of competition (amateur, national or international level) in the breeding objective. In general, relative weightings of the traits within the verbally presented breeding objectives were not given, but were assessed by the organisations in response to this study. The relevance of more information on expected future production circumstances and on the genetic parameters of the traits of interest are discussed. A further review of the consistency, completeness and the number of traits of the present breeding objectives for sport horses is recommended to optimise the efficiency of selection decisions.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	3954
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