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Kurtzman H.S.; Church R.M.; Crystal J.D. |
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Data archiving for animal cognition research: Report of an NIMH workshop |
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2002 |
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Animal Learning & Behavior |
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30 |
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405-412 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3504 |
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Pfister, J.A.; Stegelmeier, B.L.; Cheney, C.D.; Ralphs, M.H.; Gardner, D.R. |
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Title |
Conditioning taste aversions to locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) in horses |
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Year |
2002 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
J. Anim. Sci. |
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80 |
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1 |
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79-83 |
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Locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) is a serious poisoning problem for horses grazing on infested rangelands in the western United States. Our objectives were to determine 1) whether lithium chloride or apomorphine would condition aversions to palatable foods, and at what doses, and 2) whether horses could be averted to fresh locoweed in a pen and grazing situation. Apomorphine was not an acceptable aversive agent because at the dose required to condition an aversion (> or = 0.17 mg/kg BW), apomorphine induced unacceptable behavioral effects. Lithium chloride given via stomach tube at 190 mg/kg BW conditioned strong and persistent aversions to palatable feeds with minor signs of distress. Pen and grazing tests were conducted in Colorado to determine if horses could be averted to fresh locoweed. Pen tests indicated that most horses (5/6) were completely averted from locoweed. Treated horses ate 34 g of fresh locoweed compared to 135 g for controls (P < 0.01) during three pen tests when offered 150 g per test. One horse (T) in the treatment group ate locoweed each time it was offered in the pen, but ate no locoweed while grazing. In the grazing trial, control horses averaged 8.6% of bites of locoweed (P < 0.01) during the grazing portion of the study, whereas treated horses averaged <0.5%. One treated horse (S) accounted for all consumption; he consumed 15% of his bites as locoweed in a grazing bout on d 2 of the field study. Thereafter, he was dosed a second time with lithium chloride and ate no locoweed in the subsequent 5 d. Three of six horses required two pairings of lithium chloride with fresh locoweed to condition a complete aversion. The results of this study indicate that horses can be averted from locoweed using lithium chloride as an aversive agent, and this may provide a management tool to reduce the risk of intoxication for horses grazing locoweed-infested rangeland. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5682 |
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Author |
Soproni, K.; Miklósi, Á.; Topál, J.; Csányi, V. |
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Title |
Dogs' (Canis familiaris) responsiveness to human pointing gestures |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983) |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Comp Psychol |
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116 |
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1 |
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27-34 |
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Analysis of Variance; Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Choice Behavior; Dogs/*psychology; Female; Gestures; Male; *Recognition (Psychology); Species Specificity |
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In a series of 3 experiments, dogs (Canis familiaris) were presented with variations of the human pointing gesture: gestures with reversed direction of movement, cross-pointing, and different arm extensions. Dogs performed at above chance level if they could see the hand (and index finger) protruding from the human body contour. If these minimum requirements were not accessible, dogs still could rely on the body position of the signaler. The direction of movement of the pointing arm did not influence the performance. In summary, these observations suggest that dogs are able to rely on relatively novel gestural forms of the human communicative pointing gesture and that they are able to comprehend to some extent the referential nature of human pointing. |
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Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. krisztinasoproni@hotmail.com |
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English |
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0735-7036 |
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PMID:11926681 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4962 |
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Author |
Huebener, E. |
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Title |
Schmeichelnder Sitz, atmender Schenkel, flüsternder Zügel |
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2002 |
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Olms Presse, Hildesheim |
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2. erweiterte Auflage |
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220 |
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HÜBENER, EBERHARD, Schmeichelnder Sitz, atmender Schenkel,
flüsternder Zügel
Vom feinfühligen, partnerschaftlichen Umgang mit dem Pferd und über Nöte
der bundesdeutschen Reiterei. Mit einem Geleitwort von Dr. Reiner Klimke
2. ergänzte Aufl. Hildesheim 2002. 223 S. mit 63 Abb., davon 3 farbig. Gebunden. Reihe:
(NOVA HIPPOLOGICA.) ISBN: 3-487-08408-2
Dieses Buch beantwortet eine Reihe zentraler Fragen zur Reitlehre und zum
Umgang mit dem Pferd gründlich und leicht verständlich. Es ist daher hilfreich
für alle, die sich am und auf dem Pferd gern helfen lassen. Ob sie nun nur zum
Vergnügen oder mit turniersportlichen Ambitionen reiten. Ob sie lernen oder
lehren.
Der vorliegenden zweiten Auflage ist eine neue Arbeit des Autors beigebunden:
Nachdem eine Video-Analyse seinen “selbsttätigen Schenkel” bestätigt hat, wird
jetzt endlich auch das “Sitz-Rätsel” definitiv gelöst.
Die Video-Technik hat ermöglicht, das Zusammenspiel von Gangart, Bewegungen
von Pferderumpf und -rücken, Sitz des Reiters und Hilfengebung zum Nutzen
des Reiter-Rückgrats, der keineswegs beliebig belastbaren Wirbelsäule des
Pferdes und kultivierten, feinfühligen Reitens zu entschlüsseln.
Reitunterricht kann anders aussehen. Irrwege sind vermeidbar geworden. |
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0948-9708 |
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3-487-08408-2 |
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Reiten Lesen Denken @ eberhardhuebener @ |
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874 |
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Visser, E.K.; van Reenen, C.G.; van der Werf, J.T.N.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Knaap, J.H.; Barneveld, A.; Blokhuis, H.J. |
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Heart rate and heart rate variability during a novel object test and a handling test in young horses |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Physiology & Behavior |
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Physiol. Behav. |
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76 |
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2 |
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289-296 |
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Heart rate; Heart rate variability; Consistency; Behavioral tests; Temperament; Emotionality; Horses |
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Forty-one Dutch Warmblood immature horses were used in a study to quantify temperamental traits on the basis of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) measures. Half of the horses received additional training from the age of 5 months onwards; the other half did not. Horses were tested at 9, 10, 21 and 22 months of age in a novel object and a handling test. During the tests, mean HR and two heart variability indices, e.g. standard deviation of beat-to-beat intervals (SDRR) and root mean square of successive beat-to-beat differences (rMSSD), were calculated and expressed as response values to baseline measures. In both tests, horses showed at all ages a significant increase in mean HR and decrease in HRV measures, which suggests a marked shift of the balance of the autonomic nervous system towards a sympathetic dominance. In the novel object test, this shift was more pronounced in horses that had not been trained. Furthermore, statistical analysis showed that the increase in mean HR could not be entirely explained by the physical activity. The additional increase in HR, the nonmotor HR, was more pronounced in the untrained horses compared to the trained. Hence, it is suggested that this nonmotor HR might be due to the level of emotionality. HR variables showed consistency between years, as well as within the second year. These tests bring about a HR response in horses, part of which may indicate a higher level of emotionality; and horses show individual consistency of these HR variables over ages. Therefore, it is concluded that mean HR and HRV measures used with these tests quantify certain aspects of a horse's temperament. |
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320 |
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Ord, T.J.; Evans, C.S. |
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Interactive video playback and opponent assessment in lizards |
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2002 |
Publication |
Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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59 |
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2 |
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55-65 |
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Animal communication; Display; Lizard; Playback; Visual signal |
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Video playback has been used to explore many issues in animal communication, but the scope of this work has been constrained by the lack of stimulus-subject interaction. In many natural contexts, each participant's signalling behaviour is dependent from moment-to-moment on that of the other. Analyses of acoustic communication demonstrate the value of reproducing such social contingencies. We assessed the utility of interactive playback for studies of visual signalling by comparing the responses of male Jacky dragons, Amphibolurus muricatus, to interactive and non-interactive digital video playbacks of a life-sized conspecific. Displays produced by lizards in the interactive condition had the effect of suppressing the aggressive display of their simulated opponent. Each stimulus sequence generated during an interactive playback was subsequently played to a size-matched control animal. Males that could interact with the video stimulus responded principally with aggressive displays, while those that could not produced a mixture of aggressive and appeasement signals. Adding a degree of receiver responsiveness is hence sufficient to alter the type of signal evoked, even when video stimuli are physically identical. Interactive playback permits the experimental study of a broader range of theoretical topics and can enhance the realism of video stimuli. |
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539 |
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Davies Morel, M.C.G.; Newcombe, J.R.; Holland, S.J. |
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Factors affecting gestation length in the Thoroughbred mare |
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2002 |
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Animal Reproduction Science |
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74 |
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3-4 |
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175-185 |
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Gestation length; Mare age; Foals; Month of year; Ovulation-mating interval |
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In order to assist in the accurate prediction of the timing of parturition in the mare true gestation length, along with the potential effect of a number of factors, was investigated. Data from 433 Thoroughbred foal pregnancies were used. Sequential ultrasonic scanning allowed the true gestation length (fertilisation-parturition) to be ascertained, as apposed to previous work, which used the mating-parturition interval. An average gestation length of 344.1+/-0.49 days was evident. Colt foal pregnancies were significantly (P<0.001) longer (346.2+/-0.72) than fillies (342.4+/-0.65). Month of birth had a significant effect on gestation length in all foals (P<0.001). With foals born in January having the shortest gestation lengths and those born in April the longest. Mare age, year of birth, stallion age, stud farm and the interval between ovulation and mating had no significant effect. It is concluded that (i) the gestation length range (315-388 days), all resulting in viable foals is noteworthy and of clinical importance when considering the classification of dysmaturity in foals, (ii) mares carrying colt foals due to be born in the middle of the breeding season (April) are likely to have the longer gestation lengths. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3638 |
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Author |
Christensen, J.W.; Ladewig, J.; Sondergaard, E.; Malmkvist, J. |
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Title |
Effects of individual versus group stabling on social behaviour in domestic stallions |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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75 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
233-248 |
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Horse; Individual stabling; Group stabling; Social behaviour |
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Domestic horses (Equus caballus) are typically kept in individual housing systems, in which they are deprived of physical contact. In order to study the effects of social restrictions on behaviour in young horses, nineteen 2-year-old stallions were housed either singly (n=7), or in groups of three (n=12) for 9 months. Subsequently, the stallions were released into two separate 2 ha enclosures according to treatment, and recordings were made on social interactions and nearest neighbours during a 6-week-period, 28 h per week. Previously group stabled stallions frequently had a former group mate as their nearest neighbour (P=0.001), whereas previously singly stabled stallions did not associate more with their former box neighbours, to whom physical contact was limited by bars during the previous treatment. The nearest neighbour was more frequently recorded to be within one horselength of singly stabled than of group stabled stallions (P=0.005). More aggressive behaviour was recorded in the group of previously singly stabled stallions, i.e. bite threats (P=0.032), whereas group stabled stallions tended to make more use of subtle agonistic interactions (displacements, submissive behaviour). Singly stabled stallions also responded to the 9 months of social deprivation by significantly increasing the level of social grooming (P<0.001) and play behaviour (P<0.001), when subsequently interacting freely with other horses. The increased occurrence may relate to a build-up of motivation (a rebound effect), as well as to external factors, such as playful pasture companions and the increased space allowance of the pasture. It is concluded that 2-year-old domestic stallions are sensitive to social deprivation and that stabling has long-term effects, lasting 6 weeks at least, on the social behaviour in stallions. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2257 |
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Christensen, J.W.; Zharkikh, T.; Ladewig, J.; Yasinetskaya, N. |
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Social behaviour in stallion groups (Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus) kept under natural and domestic conditions |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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76 |
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1 |
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11-20 |
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Domestic horse; Przewalski horse; Stallion group; Social behaviour; Equus caballus; Equus przewalskii |
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The aim of this study was to investigate social behaviour in differently reared stallions in their respective environments; one group of stallions was reared under typical domestic conditions whereas the other group was reared and lives under natural conditions. The domestic group consisted of 19, 2-year-old stallions (Equus caballus), which were all weaned at 4 months of age and experienced either individual or group housing facilities before being pastured with the other similarly aged stallions. The natural living and mixed age group of Przewalski stallions (E. przewalskii) consisted of 13 stallions, most of which were juveniles (n=11, <=4 years; n=2, >9 years). The domestic group was studied in a 4-ha enclosure at the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences and the Przewalski group under free-ranging conditions in a 75-ha enclosure in the Askania Nova Biosphere Reserve, Ukraine. Behavioural data was collected during 168 h of direct observation. The occurrence of 14 types of social interactions was recorded and group spacing behaviour was studied using nearest neighbour recordings. In spite of very different environments, reflecting domestic and natural rearing conditions, many similarities in behaviour was found. Play and play fight behaviour was very similar in the two stallion groups. Quantitative differences were found in social grooming since Przewalski stallions groomed more frequently (P=0.004), and in investigative behaviours, since domestic stallions showed more nasal (P=0.005) and body sniffing (P<0.001), whereas Przewalski stallions directed more sniffing towards the genital region (P<0.001). These differences may, however, be attributed to environmental factors and in the period of time the stallions were together prior to the study period. Quantitative differences appeared in some agonistic behaviours (kick threat, P<0.001; and kick, P<0.001), but data do not support earlier findings of Przewalski horses being significantly more aggressive than domestic horses. In general, Przewalski stallions engaged in more social interactions, and they showed less group spacing, i.e. maintained a significantly shorter distance between neighbours (P<0.001). The study indicates that also domestic horses, which have been reared under typical domestic conditions and allowed a period on pasture, show social behaviour, which is very similar to that shown by their non-domestic relatives. |
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776 |
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Ligout, S.; Porter, R.H.; Bon, R. |
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Title |
Social discrimination in lambs: persistence and scope |
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Journal Article |
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2002 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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76 |
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3 |
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239-248 |
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Social discrimination; Social cognition; Persistence of recognition; Lambs |
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Social recognition among familiar unrelated lambs was assessed in a series of tests. Lambs and their mothers were housed together in small groups for 1 week (Original groups; O) then reorganized into new groupings (Recent-groups; R) for the remainder of the experiment. During test series 1, lambs that were paired with a familiar O-group partner, from which they had been separated for 5 days, emitted fewer distress bleats than did those tested with an unfamiliar partner. This same effect was not evident when the test was repeated several hours later, indicating that the animals had become habituated to the testing procedures. Two days later, when given the choice between an O- versus a R-partner (test series 2), lambs did not display a preference for either of the stimulus lambs. However, in an additional two-choice test (test series 3) the subject lambs responded discriminatively to a recent familiar partner that was simultaneously present with an unfamiliar lamb. Overall, the results suggest that lambs are capable of developing discriminative relationships with age-mates from different sub-groups, and that such social discrimination persists over a separation period lasting at least several days. It is not clear whether lambs recognize several individual conspecifics per se or discriminate between members of higher order social categories (e.g. familiar versus unfamiliar individuals). Proximal and distal social discrimination may be mediated by different combinations of sensory modalities. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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