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Equine and Animal Cognition Reference Database

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Author Fritts, S.H.; Bangs, E.E.; Gore, J.F. url  doi
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  Title The relationship of wolf recovery to habitat conservation and biodiversity in the northwestern United States Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Landsc Urban Plan Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 28 Issue Pages  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Fritts1994 Serial 6453  
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Author McLaren, B.E.; Peterson, R.O. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Wolves, Moose, and Tree Rings on Isle Royale Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Science Abbreviated Journal Science  
  Volume 266 Issue 5190 Pages 1555-1558  
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  Abstract Investigation of tree growth in Isle Royale National Park in Michigan revealed the influence of herbivores and carnivores on plants in an intimately linked food chain. Plant growth rates were regulated by cycles in animal density and responded to annual changes in primary productivity only when released from herbivory by wolf predation. Isle Royale's dendrochronology complements a rich literature on food chain control in aquatic systems, which often supports a trophic cascade model. This study provides evidence of top-down control in a forested ecosystem.  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4995  
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Author Irvine, C.H.G.; Alexander, S.L. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Factors affecting the circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations in the horse Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Domestic Animal Endocrinology Abbreviated Journal Domest. Anim. Endocrinol.  
  Volume 11 Issue 2 Pages 227-238  
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  Abstract In horses, a circadian rhythm in plasma cortisol concentrations has been reported in some but not all studies. When a rhythm occurred, horses were accustomed to a management routine, comprising stabling, feeding and sometimes exercise, which may entrain a circadian pattern. In this work, we monitored plasma cortisol by collecting jugular blood through indwelling cannulae from four groups: 1): 10 untrained, unperturbed mares grazing excess pasture, bled hourly for 26 hr; 2) 4 mares housed in a barn for 48 hr before sampling every 15 min for 20–24 hr; 3) 5 mares placed in an outdoor yard for sampling every 30 min from 0930–2100 hr; and 4) 4 stabled racehorses in training, bled every 30 min from 0730–2000 hr and once the following morning at 0830 hr. Plasma cortisol showed a similarly-timed circadian rhythm (P<0.0001) in all Group 1 horses, with a peak at 0600–0900 hr, and a nadir at 1800–2100 hr. By contrast, cortisol concentrations did not vary with time in either Group 2 or 3. Neither daily mean nor peak cortisol values differed in Group 1 and 2 (i.e. bled for >= 20 hr); however nadir values were higher (P<0.05) in Group 2. In Group 4, cortisol declined (P=0.004) during the sampling period but had returned to initial concentrations the next morning. Values did not differ from those for Group 1, except between 1000 and 1300 hr when cortisol in Group 4 was lower (P<0.05). We conclude that a circadian cortisol rhythm exists in horses in the absence of any known cues imposed by humans. However, this rhythm can be obliterated by the minor perturbation of removing the horse from its accustomed environment. By contrast, the rhythm occurs in trained racehorses, suggesting either that they have adapted to their environment thereby allowing an endogenous rhythm to emerge, or that the rhythm is entrained by their daily routine. These observations highlight the difficulties in determining the cortisol status of a horse, since measurements will be affected by time of day, the occurrence of short-term fluctuations, and how accustomed the horse is to its environment.  
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  ISSN 0739-7240 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5590  
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Author url  doi
openurl 
  Title Winter horse care Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Journal of Equine Veterinary Science Abbreviated Journal  
  Volume 14 Issue 2 Pages 115-117  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4664  
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Author Chase, I.D.; Bartolomeo, C.; Dugatkin, L.A. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Aggressive interactions and inter-contest interval: how long do winners keep winning? Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 48 Issue 2 Pages 393-400  
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  Abstract Abstract. Considerable evidence across many taxa demonstrates that prior social experience affects the outcome of subsequent aggressive interactions. Although the 'loser effect', in which an individual losing one encounter is likely to lose the next, is relatively well understood, studies of the 'winner effect', in which winning one encounter increases the probability of winning the next, have produced mixed results. Earlier studies differ concerning whether a winner effect exists, and if it does, how long it lasts. The variation in results, however, may arise from different inter-contest intervals and procedures for selecting contestants employed across previous studies. These methodological differences are addressed through a series of experiments using randomly selected winners and three different inter-contest intervals in the pumpkinseed sunfish, Lepomis gibbosus. The results indicate that a winner effect does in fact exist in pumpkinseed sunfish, but that it only lasts between 15 and 60 min. Based on these results, predictions about the behavioural dynamics of hierarchy formation are discussed, and it is suggested that it may be impossible, in principle, to predict the outcome of dominance interactions between some individuals before they are actually assembled to form a group. Finally, the possible mechanisms underlying the winner effect are explored.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 873  
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Author McLeod, P.G.; Huntingford, F.A. url  openurl
  Title Social rank and predator inspection in sticklebacks Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 47 Issue 5 Pages 1238-1240  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 525  
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Author Dugatkin, L.A.; Wilson, D.S. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Choice experiments and cognition: a reply to Lamprecht & Hofer Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 47 Issue 6 Pages 1459-1461  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 479  
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Author Boesch, C. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 48 Issue 3 Pages 653-667  
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  Abstract A model for the evolution of cooperation shows that two conditions are necessary for cooperation to be stable: a hunting success rate that is low for single hunters and increases with group size, and a social mechanism limiting access to meat by non-hunters. Testing this model on TaI chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, showed that (1) it pays for individuals to hunt in groups of three or four rather than alone or in pairs, and (2) cooperation is stable because hunters gain more at these group sizes than cheaters, owing to a meat-sharing pattern in which hunting, dominance and age, in that order, determine how much an individual gets. In addition, hunters provide cheaters (about 45% of the meat eaters) with the surplus they produce during the hunts. Thus, cooperation in Tai male chimpanzees is an evolutionarily stable strategy, and its success allows cheating to be an evolutionarily stable strategy for Tai female chimpanzees. In Gombe chimpanzees, cooperation is not stable, first, because hunting success is very high for single hunters, and second, because no social mechanism exists that limits access to meat by non-hunters. The analysis showed that some assumptions made when discussing cooperation in other social hunters might be wrong. This might downgrade our general perception of the importance of cooperation as an evolutionary cause of sociality.  
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  ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium  
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  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4715  
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Author Avital, E.; Jablonka, E. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Social learning and the evolution of behaviour Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 48 Issue 5 Pages 1195-1199  
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  Abstract Abstract. In animals capable of learning from a parent or other individual, socially acquired behaviour can be transmitted through several generations. When the inheritance of variations in such behaviour is independent of genotypic variations, natural selection can operate on an additional level. Direct evolution of behaviour becomes possible, and this may alter the estimates of costs and benefits of behaviour patterns for the individual who transmits them. It is suggested that the effects of maternally transmitted behaviour contribute to the evolution of maternal behavioural strategies, and to the evolution of behaviour associated with male-female conflict.  
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  Call Number refbase @ user @ Serial 574  
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Author Petit, O.; Thierry, B. url  doi
openurl 
  Title Aggressive and peaceful interventions in conflicts in Tonkean macaques Type Journal Article
  Year 1994 Publication Animal Behaviour. Abbreviated Journal Anim. Behav.  
  Volume 48 Issue 6 Pages 1427-1436  
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  Abstract Abstract. Peaceful interventions in conflicts are an extremely rare phenomenon in most primate species. In contrast to aggressive interventions, they cannot lead to gains in terms of competition. To clarify the function and origin of this behaviour, the patterning and consequences of peaceful and aggressive interventions were studied in a semi-free ranging group of tonkean macaques, Macaca tonkeana. Intense conflicts frequently elicited both types of intervention. Interveners preferentially targeted the initiator of the conflict, who was generally the dominant of the two opponents. Males tended to intervene more than females, especially using peaceful interventions. Interventions were frequently performed on behalf of the most closely kin-related opponent; this was true particularly for aggressive interventions. In peaceful interventions, the intervener was usually dominant over both parties. Lipsmacking, clasping, mounting and social play were mainly used, and were successful in halting aggression. Peaceful interventions were frequently followed by an affinitive interaction, such as grooming, between intervener and target. Peaceful interventions thus appear to protect the beneficiary while preserving the social relationship between intervener and target. The origin of the behaviour can be traced to the epigenetic constraints arising from the species-specific social organization.  
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  ISSN 0003-3472 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 5244  
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