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Author |
Ottoni, E.; de Resende, B.; Izar, P. |
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Erratum |
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Year |
2006 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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9 |
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2 |
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156-156 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3258 |
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Author |
Bekoff, M. |
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Title |
Animal Passions And Beastly Virtues: Cognitive Ethology As The Unifying Science For Understanding The Subjective, Emotional, Empathic, And Moral Lives Of Animals |
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2006 |
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Zygon |
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41 |
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71-104 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3445 |
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Author |
Cruz, H. |
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Title |
Towards a Darwinian Approach to Mathematics |
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2006 |
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Foundations of Science |
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11 |
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157-196 |
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3441 |
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Author |
Purpura, G.J. |
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Title |
In Search of Human Uniqueness |
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2006 |
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Philosophical Psychology |
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19 |
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443-461 |
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3435 |
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Author |
Kaminski, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. |
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Title |
Goats' behaviour in a competitive food paradigm: Evidence for perspective taking? |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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143 |
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1341-1356 |
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Keywords |
SOCIAL COGNITION; GOATS; VISUAL PERSPECTIVE TAKING; COMPARATIVE COGNITION |
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Many mammalian species are highly social, creating intra-group competition for such things as food and mates. Recent research with nonhuman primates indicates that in competitive situations individuals know what other individuals can and cannot see, and they use this knowledge to their advantage in various ways. In the current study, we extended these findings to a non-primate species, the domestic goat, using the conspecific competition paradigm developed by Hare et al. (2000). Like chimpanzees and some other nonhuman primates, goats live in fission-fusion societies, form coalitions and alliances, and are known to reconcile after fights. In the current study, a dominant and a subordinate individual competed for food, but in some cases the subordinate could see things that the dominant could not. In the condition where dominants could only see one piece of food but subordinates could see both, subordinates' preferences depended on whether they received aggression from the dominant animal during the experiment. Subjects who received aggression preferred the hidden over the visible piece of food, whereas subjects who never received aggression significantly preferred the visible piece. By using this strategy, goats who had not received aggression got significantly more food than the other goats. Such complex social interactions may be supported by cognitive mechanisms similar to those of chimpanzees. We discuss these results in the context of current issues in mammalian cognition and socio-ecology. |
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3430 |
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Sickler, J.; Fraser, J.; Webler, T.; Reiss, D.; Boyle, P.; Lyn, H.; Lemcke, K.; Gruber, S. |
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Title |
Social Narratives Surrounding Dolphins: Q Method Study |
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Year |
2006 |
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Society and Animals |
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14 |
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351-382 |
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3431 |
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Author |
Deecke, V.B. |
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Title |
Studying Marine Mammal Cognition in the Wild: A Review of Four Decades of Playback Experiments |
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2006 |
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Aquatic Mammals |
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32 |
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461-482 |
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3420 |
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Author |
Gerber, B.; Hendel, T. |
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Title |
Outcome expectations drive learned behaviour in larval Drosophila |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. |
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Volume |
273 |
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1604 |
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2965-2968 |
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Why does Pavlov's dog salivate? In response to the tone, or in expectation of food? While in vertebrates behaviour can be driven by expected outcomes, it is unknown whether this is true for non-vertebrates as well. We find that, in the Drosophila larva, odour memories are expressed behaviourally only if animals can expect a positive outcome from doing so. The expected outcome of tracking down an odour is determined by comparing the value of the current situation with the value of the memory for that odour. Memory is expressed behaviourally only if the expected outcome is positive. This uncovers a hitherto unrecognized evaluative processing step between an activated memory trace and behaviour control, and argues that learned behaviour reflects the pursuit of its expected outcome. Shown in a system with a simple brain, an apparently cognitive process like representing the expected outcome of behaviour seems to be a basic feature of behaviour control. |
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refbase @ user @ |
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3525 |
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Author |
Maple; , M.L.W.; Meredith J. Bashaw; Kimberly Fountain; Sarah Kieschnick; Terry L. |
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Title |
Nocturnal behavior in a group of female African elephants |
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Year |
2006 |
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Zoo Biology |
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25 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
173-186 |
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The nocturnal behavior of a stable group of female, African elephants (Loxodonta africana africana) was studied to: (1) examine their behavior as a function of hour of night; (2) qualitatively compare the elephants' activity budgets to those reported in a previous study; and (3) document the presence of aggressive and stereotypic behaviors that might necessitate a change in their management. The elephants were systematically observed at least five times per week for 10 weeks between 17:00 and 08:00. Instantaneous focal samples of behavior, location, and proximity were taken every minute on a rotating basis, and all observed occurrences of social behavior were recorded. The hour of night affected elephant activity: significant relationships were found between hour of night and percent of time they spent feeding, lying, and standing. The overall activity budgets of the elephants were similar to the activity budgets reported in a previous study, although differences were evident in lying, stereotypic, and social behaviors. These differences might be a function of age. Affiliative behaviors accounted for 57% of the elephants' social behaviors, and agonistic behaviors among the elephants occurred infrequently and caused no injuries. Additionally, the elephants used all areas to which they had access. These findings provide compelling evidence that unrestricted social access during the night is the appropriate management strategy for these elephants. The results from the present study also highlight the importance of replicating existing studies and using multiple behavioral measures to make decisions regarding the welfare and management of stable groups of captive elephants. Zoo Biol 25:173-186, 2006. 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. |
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1098-2361 |
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refbase @ user @ Maple;2006 |
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3551 |
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Author |
Steelman, S.M.; Michael-Eller, E.M.; Gibbs, P.G.; Potter, G.D. |
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Title |
Meal size and feeding frequency influence serum leptin concentration in yearling horses |
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2006 |
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Journal of Animal Science |
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J. Anim Sci. |
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84 |
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9 |
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2391-2398 |
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Energy is an essential nutrient for all horses, and it is especially important in performance horses, pregnant and lactating mares, and young growing horses. A negative energy balance in horses such as these may result in unsatisfactory performance, decreased fertility, or slow growth. Therefore, ensuring adequate energy intake is an important aspect of the nutritional management of the equine. This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of feeding large, carbohydrate-rich, concentrate meals on the satiety-inducing hormone, leptin. Three groups of yearling horses were rotated through 3 feeding schedules in a replicated 3x3 Latin square design. Horses were fed 2, 3, or 4 times per day (2x, 3x, and 4xfeeding schedules, respectively), each for a period of 11 d, with the total amount of daily feed held constant. Horses were weighed and BCS was determined on the first day of each period. Blood samples were collected before the morning meal on d 1, 4, and 7 of each period. Additionally, blood was sampled for the last 24 h of the 2xand 4xdietary periods. Neither weight nor BCS changed during the study (P = 0.99 and P = 0.28, respectively). Both mean and peak plasma glucose were greatest in 2xhorses (P < 0.05), as were mean areas under the curve. Serum leptin concentration increased in 2xhorses (P < 0.05), but not in horses fed 3 or 4 times daily. Leptin was elevated in horses with greater BCS (P < 0.05) and increased steadily throughout the study (P < 0.05). Data from the 24-h collection indicated that 2xhorses had fluctuations in leptin production throughout the day (P < 0.05), whereas horses fed 4 times daily did not. Overall, this study indicates that feeding horses 2 large concentrate meals daily can increase mean serum leptin concentrations and may cause fluctuations in leptin production over a 24-h period. This departure from baseline leptin concentration has the potential to affect appetite, along with numerous other physiological processes. |
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10.2527/jas.2005-281 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3561 |
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