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Author |
Kaiser, D.H.; Zentall, T.R.; Neiman, E. |
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Title  |
Timing in pigeons: effects of the similarity between intertrial interval and gap in a timing signal |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
416-422 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; Columbidae; *Conditioning, Operant; Discrimination Learning; Mental Recall; Probability Learning; *Reinforcement (Psychology); *Reinforcement Schedule; Retention (Psychology); Time Factors; *Time Perception/physiology |
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Abstract |
Previous research suggests that when a fixed interval is interrupted (known as the gap procedure), pigeons tend to reset memory and start timing from 0 after the gap. However, because the ambient conditions of the gap typically have been the same as during the intertrial interval (ITI), ambiguity may have resulted. In the present experiment, the authors found that when ambient conditions during the gap were similar to the ITI, pigeons tended to reset memory, but when ambient conditions during the gap were different from the ITI, pigeons tended to stop timing, retain the duration of the stimulus in memory, and add to that time when the stimulus reappeared. Thus, when the gap was unambiguous, pigeons timed accurately. |
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Department of Psychology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA. kaiserd@mail.ecu.edu |
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0097-7403 |
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PMID:12395499 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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238 |
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Author |
Kräußlich, H.; Brem, G. |
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Title |
Tierzucht und allgemeine Landwirtschaftslehre für Tiermediziner |
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1997 |
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Enke |
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Stuttgart |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6542 |
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Author |
Previc, F.H. |
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Title |
Thyroid hormone production in chimpanzees and humans: implications for the origins of human intelligence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
American Journal of Physical Anthropology |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Phys Anthropol |
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Volume |
118 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
402-3; discussion 404-5 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Humans; *Intelligence; Pan troglodytes/*metabolism; Species Specificity; Thyroid Hormones/*biosynthesis |
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Northrop Grumman Information Technology, San Antonio, Texas 78228, USA. fred.previc@brooks.af.mil |
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0002-9483 |
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PMID:12124921 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4108 |
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Author |
Uchiyama, H.; Ohtani, N.; Ohta, M. |
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Title |
Three-dimensional analysis of horse and human gaits in therapeutic riding |
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Journal Article |
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2011 |
Publication |
Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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Volume |
135 |
Issue |
4 |
Pages |
271-276 |
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Keywords |
Equine-facilitated interventions; Horse gait; Human gait; Three-dimensional analysis; Horse riding |
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Therapeutic horse riding or hippotherapy is used as an intervention for treating individuals with mental and physical disabilities. Equine-assisted interventions are based on the hypothesis that the movement of the horse's pelvis during horseback riding resembles human ambulation, and thus provides motor and sensory inputs similar to those received during human walking. However, this hypothesis has not been investigated quantitatively and qualitatively. This study aimed to verify the hypothesis by conducting a three-dimensional analysis of the horse's movements while walking and human ambulation. Using four sets of equipments, we analysed the acceleration patterns of walking in 50 healthy humans and 11 horses. In addition, we analysed the exercise intensity by comparing the heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure of 127 healthy individuals before and after walking and horse riding. The acceleration data series of the stride phase of horse walking were compared with those of human walking, and the frequencies (in Hz) were analysed by Fast Fourier transform. The acceleration curves of human walking overlapped with those of horse walking, with the frequency band of human walking corresponding with that of horse walking. Exercise intensity, as measured by the heart rate and breathing rate, was not significantly different between horse riding and human walking. The levels of diastolic blood pressure were slightly higher during horse riding than during walking, but were lower during both conditions compared with those in normal conditions (P < 0.01). The present study shows that, although not completely matched, the accelerations of the horse and human walking are comparable quantitatively and qualitatively. Horse riding at a walking gait could generate motor and sensory inputs similar to those produced by human walking, and thus could provide optimum benefits to persons with ambulatory difficulties. |
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0168-1591 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5488 |
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Author |
Talbot, L.M.; Talbot, M.H. |
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Title |
The Wildebeest in Western Masailand |
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Year |
1963 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2347 |
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Author |
Green Nf, G.H. |
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Title |
The wild horse population.... |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1977 |
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Proc National Wild Horse Forum |
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1 |
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59-65 |
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Notes |
from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1125 |
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Author |
Denniston, R.H. |
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Title |
The varying role of the male in feral horses |
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Journal Article |
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1979 |
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Symp Ecol and Behav of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, |
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Symp Ecol and Behav of wild and feral Equids, Laramie, |
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93-98 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1007 |
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Author |
King Jm, K.H. |
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The use of the oripavine derivative M.99 for the restraint of equine animals and its antgonism with the related compund M |
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1965 |
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285 |
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from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List |
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1265 |
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Author |
Pimlott, D.H. |
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The use of tape-recorded wolf howls to locate timber wolves |
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1960 |
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Twenty-second Midwest Wildlife Congress |
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Toronto |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Pimlott1960 |
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6454 |
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Author |
Beerda, B.; Schilder, M.B.H.; Janssen, N.S.C.R.M.; Mol, J.A. |
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The Use of Saliva Cortisol, Urinary Cortisol, and Catecholamine Measurements for a Noninvasive Assessment of Stress Responses in Dogs |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
Publication |
Hormones and Behavior |
Abbreviated Journal |
Horm. Behav. |
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30 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
272-279 |
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A problem in assessing animal welfare is that collecting data in itself may be stressful to the animals. Therefore, noninvasive methods for collecting data have to be devised and tested. A first step in investigating saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and urinary catecholamine as noninvasive indicators of canine well-being is the validation of these hormonal measures as alternatives for those in plasma. Using a model of insulin (0.2 U/kg)-induced hypoglycemia, we report on stress-induced responses in saliva cortisol, urinary cortisol, and urinary catacholamines relative to cortisol and catecholamine responses in plasma. Hypoglycemia in six dogs induced significant (P< 0.05) increases in plasma cortisol and adrenaline but not noradrenaline. Saliva cortisol responses expressed as net area under the response curve correlated significantly with plasma cortisol responses (r> 0.92). Saliva cortisol levels measured 7 to 12% of plasma cortisol concentrations. Cortisol/creatinine ratios in urine were significantly higher when voided after insulin administeration, compared to when voided after saline treatment. Insulin-induced increments in cortisol/creatinine ratios were nonsignificant when urine samples were assayed after dichloromethane extraction. Although urinary adrenaline/creatinine (A/C) ratios were significantly correlated with maximum plasma adrenaline values after insulin administration, A/C ratios did not differ significantly between insulin and saline treatment. The present experiment provides strong support for using saliva sampling and urine collection as noninvasive methods to establish stress-induced cortisol responses. For measuring acute plasma adrenaline responses, measuring A/C ratios may not be a valid alternative. |
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0018-506x |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5574 |
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