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Author Janson, C.; Byrne, R. url  doi
openurl 
  Title (up) What wild primates know about resources: opening up the black box Type Journal Article
  Year 2007 Publication Animal Cognition Abbreviated Journal Anim. Cogn.  
  Volume 10 Issue 3 Pages 357-367  
  Keywords Cognitive map – Primate – Foraging – Ecology – Psychology  
  Abstract Abstract  We present the theoretical and practical difficulties of inferring the cognitive processes involved in spatial movement decisions of primates and other animals based on studies of their foraging behavior in the wild. Because the possible cognitive processes involved in foraging are not known a priori for a given species, some observed spatial movements could be consistent with a large number of processes ranging from simple undirected search processes to strategic goal-oriented travel. Two basic approaches can help to reveal the cognitive processes: (1) experiments designed to test specific mechanisms; (2) comparison of observed movements with predicted ones based on models of hypothesized foraging modes (ideally, quantitative ones). We describe how these two approaches have been applied to evidence for spatial knowledge of resources in primates, and for various hypothesized goals of spatial decisions in primates, reviewing what is now established. We conclude with a synthesis emphasizing what kinds of spatial movement data on unmanipulated primate populations in the wild are most useful in deciphering goal-oriented processes from random processes. Basic to all of these is an estimate of the animals ability to detect resources during search. Given knowledge of the animals detection ability, there are several observable patterns of resource use incompatible with a pure search process. These patterns include increasing movement speed when approaching versus leaving a resource, increasingly directed movement toward more valuable resources, and directed travel to distant resources from many starting locations. Thus, it should be possible to assess and compare spatial cognition across a variety of primate species and thus trace its ecological and evolutionary correlates.  
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  Call Number Admin @ knut @ Serial 4214  
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Author Boyd, R.; Richerson, P.J. url  openurl
  Title (up) Why Culture is Common, but Cultural Evolution is Rare Type Journal Article
  Year 1996 Publication Proceedings of the British Academy Abbreviated Journal Proc Br Acad  
  Volume 88 Issue Pages 73-93  
  Keywords cultural distributed evolution primates  
  Abstract If culture is defined as variation acquired and maintained by social learning, then culture is common in nature. However, cumulative cultural evolution resulting in behaviors that no individual could invent on their own is limited to humans, song birds, and perhaps chimpanzees. Circumstantial evidence suggests that cumulative cultural evolution requires the capacity for observational learning. Here, we analyze two models the evolution of psychological capacities that allow cumulative cultural evolution. Both models suggest that the conditions which allow the evolution of such capacities when rare are much more stringent than the conditions which allow the maintenance of the capacities when common. This result follows from the fact that the assumed benefit of the capacities, cumulative cultural adaptation, cannot occur when the capacities are rare. These results suggest why such capacities may be rare in nature.  
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  Publisher Royal Society/British Academy Place of Publication Editor  
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  Notes http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=summaries/pba88#boyd Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 4195  
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Author Knoll, H.; Horschak, R. openurl 
  Title (up) [Ecology of fermentation sarcinas Sarcina ventriculi and Sarcina maxima] Type Journal Article
  Year 1973 Publication Zeitschrift fur Allgemeine Mikrobiologie Abbreviated Journal Z Allg Mikrobiol  
  Volume 13 Issue 5 Pages 449-451  
  Keywords Animals; Digestive System; Ecology; Haplorhini; Horses; Primates; *Sarcina  
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  Language German Summary Language Original Title Zur Okologie der Garungssarcinen Sarcina ventriculi und Sarcina maxima  
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  ISSN 0044-2208 ISBN Medium  
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  Notes PMID:4203565 Approved no  
  Call Number Equine Behaviour @ team @ Serial 2717  
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