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	Author	Pongrácz, P; Miklósi, Á; Timár-Geng, K; Csányi, V.
	Title	*Verbal Attention Getting as a Key Factor in Social Learning Between Dog (Canis familiaris) and Human.*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of Comparative Psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Comp. Psychol.
	Volume	118	Issue	4	Pages	375-383.
	Keywords
	Abstract	Pet dogs (Canis familiaris) learn to detour a V-shaped fence effectively from an unfamiliar human demonstrator. In this article, 4 main features of the demonstrator's behavior are highlighted: (a) the manipulation of the target, (b) the familiarity of the demonstrator, (c) the role of verbal attention-getting behavior, and (d) whether a strange trained dog could also be an effective demonstrator. The results show that the main factor of a successful human demonstration is the continuous verbal communication with the dog during detouring. It was also found that an unfamiliar dog demonstrator was as efficient as the unfamiliar experimenter. The experiments provide evidence that in adult dogs, communicative context with humans is needed for effective interspecific social learning to take place. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5218
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	Author	Ramsden, S.; Richardson, F.M.; Josse, G.; Thomas, M.S.C.; Ellis, C.; Shakeshaft, C.; Seghier, M.L.; Price, C.J.
	Title	Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2011	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Nature
	Volume	advance online publication	Issue		Pages
	Keywords
	Abstract	Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a standardized measure of human intellectual capacity that takes into account a wide range of cognitive skills1. IQ is generally considered to be stable across the lifespan, with scores at one time point used to predict educational achievement and employment prospects in later years1. Neuroimaging allows us to test whether unexpected longitudinal fluctuations in measured IQ are related to brain development. Here we show that verbal and non-verbal IQ can rise or fall in the teenage years, with these changes in performance validated by their close correlation with changes in local brain structure. A combination of structural and functional imaging showed that verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by speech, whereas non-verbal IQ changed with grey matter in a region that was activated by finger movements. By using longitudinal assessments of the same individuals, we obviated the many sources of variation in brain structure that confound cross-sectional studies. This allowed us to dissociate neural markers for the two types of IQ and to show that general verbal and non-verbal abilities are closely linked to the sensorimotor skills involved in learning. More generally, our results emphasize the possibility that an individual’s intellectual capacity relative to their peers can decrease or increase in the teenage years. This would be encouraging to those whose intellectual potential may improve, and would be a warning that early achievers may not maintain their potential.
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	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1476-4687	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	10.1038/nature10514			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5422
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	Author	Houpt, K.A.; Thornton, S.N.; Allen, W.R.
	Title	Vasopressin in dehydrated and rehydrated ponies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1989	Publication	Physiology & behavior	Abbreviated Journal	Physiol. Behav.
	Volume	45	Issue	3	Pages	659-661
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Dehydration/blood; Drinking Behavior/physiology; Female; Horses/blood; Osmolar Concentration; Reaction Time; Time Factors; Vasopressins/*blood
	Abstract	Six pony mares deprived of water for 24 hours showed significant increases in plasma vasopressin (2.8 pg/ml) and osmolality (9 mosmol/kg). When water was made available the ponies drank rapidly (5 of 6 drank to satiety within 90 seconds) and corrected their fluid deficits precisely. Vasopressin did not return to predehydration levels until osmolality did after 15 minutes of access to water. The horse differs from rodents and humans, but is similar to pigs in that vasopressin levels do not fall before osmolality returns to normal. Oropharyngeal factors, therefore, may not be as important in vasopressin release in horses as in other species.
	Address	New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-6401
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:2756059			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	45
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	Author	Beer, C.G.
	Title	Varying Views of Animal and Human Cognition			Type	Book Chapter
	Year	1998	Publication	Animal Cognition in Nature	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	435-456
	Keywords
	Abstract	Summary In this chapter I want to stand back from the splendid empirical work on animal cognitive capacities that is the focus of this book, and look at the broader context of cognitive concerns within which the work can be viewed. Indeed even the term `cognitive ethology' currently connotes and denotes more than is represented here, as other collections of articles, such as and , exemplify. I include the current descendants of behavioristic learning theory, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology and the recent comparative turn that has been taken in cognitive science. These several approaches, despite their considerable overlap, often appear independent and even ignorant of one another. Like the proverbial blind men feeling the hide of an elephant, they touch hands from time to time, yet collectively have only a piecemeal and distributed understanding of the shape of the whole. Although each approach may indeed need the space to work out its own conceptual and methodological preoccupations without confounding interference from other views, a utopian spirit envisages an ultimate coming together, a more comprehensive realization of the synthetic approach to animal cognition that is this book's theme.
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	Publisher	Academic Press	Place of Publication	London	Editor	Russell P. Balda; Irene M. Pepperberg; Alan C. Kamil
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN	9780120770304	Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2915
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	Author	Brennan, J.; Anderson, J.
	Title	*Varying responses to feeding competition in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1988	Publication	Primates	Abbreviated Journal	Primates
	Volume	29	Issue	3	Pages	353-360
	Keywords	Macaca mulatta – Dominance – Feeding – Agonistic behaviour – Snakes
	Abstract	The behaviour of members of a group of rhesus monkeys was observed in experimentally created, competitive feeding situations. Socially dominant members of the group tended to start eating before lower-ranking subjects, and generally ate more. Dominants sometimes used aggression to control access to food, but overall, intermediate-ranking monkeys were involved in most agonistic episodes. Non-dominant subjects improved their feeding performance when food was presented in three piles rather than one pile, often by snatching food and consuming it away from the pile. These general patterns were less evident when realistic snake models were placed on some of the food piles. Feeding was disrupted by the presence of snakes, but notably, subordinates risked feeding in these conditions. Piles containing preferred foods and snakes were eaten from, but a low-preference food (carrot) under snakes went untouched by all subjects. The results suggest that group-members evaluate potential risks and benefits of competing for a restricted resource, and that dominance status, while an important factor, is only one element in the equation.
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	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	809
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Varieties of learning and memory in animals			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
	Volume	19	Issue	1	Pages	5-14
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Birds; Conditioning, Classical; Evolution; Imprinting (Psychology); Learning; Memory; Social Environment; Species Specificity; Taste
	Abstract	It is often assumed that there is more than one kind of learning--or more than one memory system--each of which is specialized for a different function. Yet, the criteria by which the varieties of learning and memory should be distinguished are seldom clear. Learning and memory phenomena can differ from one another across species or situations (and thus be specialized) in a number of different ways. What is needed is a consistent theoretical approach to the whole range of learning phenomena, and one is explored here. Parallels and contrasts in the study of sensory systems illustrate one way to integrate the study of general mechanisms with an appreciation of species-specific adaptations.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0097-7403	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8418217			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	380
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	Author	Warneken, F.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees			Type	Abstract
	Year	2009	Publication	Trends in cognitive sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Trends Cogn Sci
	Volume	13	Issue	9	Pages	397-402
	Keywords
	Abstract	Recent empirical research has shed new light on the perennial question of human altruism. A number of recent studies suggest that from very early in ontogeny young children have a biological predisposition to help others achieve their goals, to share resources with others and to inform others of things helpfully. Humans nearest primate relatives, such as chimpanzees, engage in some but not all of these behaviors: they help others instrumentally, but they are not so inclined to share resources altruistically and they do not inform others of things helpfully. The evolutionary roots of human altruism thus appear to be much more complex than previously supposed.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher	Elsevier Science,	Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1364-6613	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @ S1364-6613(09)00149-1 DOI - 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.008			Serial	5608
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	Author	Ogbourne, C.P.
	Title	Variations in the fecundity of strongylid worms of the horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	Parasitology	Abbreviated Journal	Parasitology
	Volume	63	Issue	2	Pages	289-298
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn; Ecology; Feces; Female; Horses; Larva/growth & development; Male; Ovum; Parasite Egg Count; Reproduction; Seasons; Strongyle Infections, Equine/etiology; Strongyloides/growth & development; Time Factors
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0031-1820	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5129804			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2727
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	Author	Monard, A.-M.; Duncan, P.; Fritz, H.; Feh, C.
	Title	Variations in the birth sex ratio and neonatal mortality in a natural herd of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	41	Issue	4	Pages	243-249
	Keywords
	Abstract	Variations in birth sex ratios and sex differences in juvenile mortality occur in a number of mammalian species, and in many cases have been linked to resource availability. Most of these biases in offspring sex ratios concern polygynous species with pronounced sexual dimorphism, and where females only are philopatric. Data on species with unusual life-history strategies, such as slight sexual dimorphism or dispersal by both sexes, are of particular interest. In this study of a natural herd of horses (Equus caballus) which experienced an eruptive cycle, and therefore a period of nutritional stress, male offspring had higher neonatal mortality rates in nutritionally poor years than in good ones, whereas “year quality” had no effect on the mortality of female offspring; year quality could therefore be used by mares as predictor of sex-specific offspring survival. We show that the environmental conditions that predicted lower survival of males were negatively related to their production: the birth sex ratio the following year was female-biased; and mares were less likely to produce a son when they had produced a son the preceding year. There was no significant effect of mother's parity, age or rank, or the timing of conception or birth on offspring sex ratios. The mechanism leading to biases in the birth sex ratio could have been the loss of male embryos by mares that did not foal. As there was no evidence for selective abortion of male foetuses in females that did foal the next year, it is not necessary to invoke maternal adjustment, though this remains a possibility. Finally, there was a suggestion that male offspring were more costly to raise than females, since mothers that reared a son in poor years tended to experience an increase in the interbirth interval between their two subsequent offspring.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2388
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	Author	Gingerich Pd,
	Title	Variation, sexual dimorphism, and social structure in the early Eocene horse Hyracotherium			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication		Abbreviated Journal	Paleobiol
	Volume		Issue		Pages	443-455
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	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes	from Professor Hans Klingels Equine Reference List			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1110
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