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	Author	Parkin, T.D.H.; Clegg, P.D.; French, N.P.; Proudman, C.J.; Riggs, C.M.; Singer, E.R.; Webbon, P.M.; Morgan, K.L.
	Title	Horse-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in racing Thoroughbreds in the UK			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	36	Issue	6	Pages	513-519
	Keywords	Animals; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/mortality/veterinary; Case-Control Studies; Female; Fractures, Bone/epidemiology/mortality/veterinary; Great Britain/epidemiology; Horses/injuries; Logistic Models; Male; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/mortality; Questionnaires; Radius Fractures/epidemiology/mortality/veterinary; Risk Factors; Survival Analysis; Tibial Fractures/epidemiology/mortality/veterinary
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Fractures below the level of the radius or tibia (distal limb fractures) are the most common cause of equine fatality on UK racecourses; however, little is known about their epidemiology or aetiology. Identification of risk factors could enable intervention strategies to be designed to reduce the number of fatalities. OBJECTIVES: To identify horse-level risk factors for fatal distal limb fracture in Thoroughbreds on UK racecourses. METHODS: A case-control study design was used. Fractures in case horses were confirmed by post mortem examination and 3 matched uninjured controls were selected from the race in which the case horse was running. One hundred and nine cases were included and information was collected about previous racing history, horse characteristics and training schedules. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify the relationship between a number of independent variables and the likelihood of fracture. RESULTS: Horses doing no gallop work during training and those in their first year of racing were at significantly increased risk of fracture on the racecourse. Case horses were also more likely to have trained on a sand gallop, i.e. a gallop described by trainers as being primarily composed of sand. CONCLUSIONS: Modifications to training schedules, specifically within the first year of racing, may have a large impact on the risk of fatal distal limb fracture on the racecourse. Horses should do some gallop work in training and our results suggest that the minimum distance galloped should be between 805-2012 m (4-10 furlongs)/week. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The information from this study can be used to alter training schedules in an attempt to reduce the incidence of fatal distal limb fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses. Training should include some gallop work, and further studies, recording the exact level of work, will help to identify an optimum range of training speeds and distances which will reduce the liklihood of catastrophic fracture on the racecourse.
	Address	Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15460076			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3660
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	Author	Wang, L.Y.
	Title	Host preference of mosquito vectors of Japanese encephalitis			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Zhonghua Minguo wei Sheng wu xue za zhi = Chinese Journal of Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi
	Volume	8	Issue	4	Pages	274-279
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Birds/blood; Culex; Ecology; Encephalitis, Japanese/transmission; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; *Insect Vectors; Mammals/blood; Species Specificity; Taiwan
	Abstract	The host preference of 4 Culex mosquito species collected in Miaoli and Pingtung counties, Taiwan was studied by capillary precipitin method. Antisera to alum-precipitated sera of man, bovine, swine, rabbit, horse, dog, cat, mouse, chicken, duck, and pigeon were produced in rabbits and reacted with 758 mosquito blood meals among which reactions to one or more antisera. Culex annulus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus summorosus showed a great avidity for pig, and Culex fuscocephala for bovine. Culex pipiens fatigans was ornithophilic. None of 110 C. t. summorosus and 2.4% of 223 C. annulus had fed on man. Among 66 samples of C.p. fatigans tested 10.3% had fed on man, while none of 359 C. fuscocephala did. It seems that the latter does not act as a primary vector of Japanese encephalitis.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0009-4587	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:181218			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2702
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	Author	Ulloa, A.; Gonzalez-Ceron, L.; Rodriguez, M.H.
	Title	Host selection and gonotrophic cycle length of Anopheles punctimacula in southern Mexico			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association	Abbreviated Journal	J Am Mosq Control Assoc
	Volume	22	Issue	4	Pages	648-653
	Keywords	Animals; Anopheles/physiology; Appetitive Behavior/physiology; Cattle; Female; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/physiology; Malaria/transmission; Mexico; Oviparity/physiology; Seasons; Time Factors; Vitellogenesis/physiology
	Abstract	The host preference, survival rates, and length of the gonotrophic cycle of Anopheles punctimacula was investigated in southern Mexico. Mosquitoes were collected in 15-day separate experiments during the rainy and dry seasons. Daily changes in the parous-nulliparous ratio were recorded and the gonotrophic cycle length was estimated by a time series analysis. Anopheles punctimacula was most abundant during the dry season and preferred animals to humans. The daily survival rate in mosquitoes collected in animal traps was 0.96 (parity rate = 0.86; gonotrophic cycle = 4 days). The length of gonotrophic cycle of 4 days was estimated on the base of a high correlation coefficient value appearing every 4 days. The minimum time estimated for developing mature eggs after blood feeding was 72 h. The proportion of mosquitoes living enough to transmit Plasmodium vivax malaria during the dry season was 0.35.
	Address	Centro de Investigacion de Paludismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Apartado Postal 537, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	8756-971X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17304932			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1830
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	Author	Nelson, W.A.; Keirans, J.E.; Bell, J.F.; Clifford, C.M.
	Title	Host-ectoparasite relationships			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1975	Publication	Journal of Medical Entomology	Abbreviated Journal	J Med Entomol
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	143-166
	Keywords	Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Anoplura/physiology; *Arthropods; Birds/parasitology; Chickens/parasitology; Dermacentor/parasitology; Diptera; Ecology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Male; Mallophaga/physiology; Mice/parasitology; Mites/physiology; Reproduction; Sarcoptes scabiei/physiology; Sheep/parasitology; Skin/parasitology; Ticks/physiology; Toxins, Biological/toxicity; Trombiculidae/physiology
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2585	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:808617			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2704
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	Author	Edman, J.D.
	Title	Host-feeding patterns of Florida mosquitoes. I. Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Mansonia and Psorophora			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1971	Publication	Journal of Medical Entomology	Abbreviated Journal	J Med Entomol
	Volume	8	Issue	6	Pages	687-695
	Keywords	Aedes; Animals; Anopheles; Birds; Cats; Cattle; Culicidae; Dogs; Ecology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Florida; Horses; Humans; Swine
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-2585	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4403447			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2722
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	Author	Shalaby, A.M.
	Title	Host-preference observations on Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in Gujarat State, India			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1969	Publication	Annals of the Entomological Society of America	Abbreviated Journal	Ann Entomol Soc Am
	Volume	62	Issue	6	Pages	1270-1273
	Keywords	Animals; Anopheles; Cattle; Ddt; Dogs; Ecology; Female; Goats; Horses; Humans; India; Insect Vectors; Insecticide Resistance; Precipitin Tests; Sheep
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0013-8746	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5374165			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2739
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	Author	Gothard, K.M.; Erickson, C.A.; Amaral, D.G.
	Title	How do rhesus monkeys ( Macaca mulatta) scan faces in a visual paired comparison task?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	7	Issue	1	Pages	25-36
	Keywords	Animals; Eye Movements/physiology; Facial Expression; Macaca mulatta/physiology; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; *Task Performance and Analysis
	Abstract	When novel and familiar faces are viewed simultaneously, humans and monkeys show a preference for looking at the novel face. The facial features attended to in familiar and novel faces, were determined by analyzing the visual exploration patterns, or scanpaths, of four monkeys performing a visual paired comparison task. In this task, the viewer was first familiarized with an image and then it was presented simultaneously with a novel and the familiar image. A looking preference for the novel image indicated that the viewer recognized the familiar image and hence differentiates between the familiar and the novel images. Scanpaths and relative looking preference were compared for four types of images: (1) familiar and novel objects, (2) familiar and novel monkey faces with neutral expressions, (3) familiar and novel inverted monkey faces, and (4) faces from the same monkey with different facial expressions. Looking time was significantly longer for the novel face, whether it was neutral, expressing an emotion, or inverted. Monkeys did not show a preference, or an aversion, for looking at aggressive or affiliative facial expressions. The analysis of scanpaths indicated that the eyes were the most explored facial feature in all faces. When faces expressed emotions such as a fear grimace, then monkeys scanned features of the face, which contributed to the uniqueness of the expression. Inverted facial images were scanned similarly to upright images. Precise measurement of eye movements during the visual paired comparison task, allowed a novel and more quantitative assessment of the perceptual processes involved the spontaneous visual exploration of faces and facial expressions. These studies indicate that non-human primates carry out the visual analysis of complex images such as faces in a characteristic and quantifiable manner.
	Address	Department of Psychiatry, University of California Davis, 2230 Stokton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. kgothard@email.arizona.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14745584			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2545
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	Author	Sovrano, V.A.; Bisazza, A.; Vallortigara, G.
	Title	How fish do geometry in large and in small spaces			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	1	Pages	47-54
	Keywords	Animals; Association Learning; Color Perception; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Distance Perception; Fishes; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Social Environment; *Space Perception; Visual Perception
	Abstract	It has been shown that children and non-human animals seem to integrate geometric and featural information to different extents in order to reorient themselves in environments of different spatial scales. We trained fish (redtail splitfins, Xenotoca eiseni) to reorient to find a corner in a rectangular tank with a distinctive featural cue (a blue wall). Then we tested fish after displacement of the feature on another adjacent wall. In the large enclosure, fish chose the two corners with the feature, and also tended to choose among them the one that maintained the correct arrangement of the featural cue with respect to geometric sense (i.e. left-right position). In contrast, in the small enclosure, fish chose both the two corners with the features and the corner, without any feature, that maintained the correct metric arrangement of the walls with respect to geometric sense. Possible reasons for species differences in the use of geometric and non-geometric information are discussed.
	Address	Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy. valeriaanna.sovrano@unipd.it
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16794851			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2462
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	Author	Mulcahy, N.J.; Call, J.
	Title	How great apes perform on a modified trap-tube task			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	3	Pages	193-199
	Keywords	Animals; Discrimination Learning; Female; Gorilla gorilla; Hominidae/psychology; Intelligence; Male; Motor Skills; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; Pongo pygmaeus; *Problem Solving; Species Specificity
	Abstract	To date, neither primates nor birds have shown clear evidence of causal knowledge when attempting to solve the trap tube task. One factor that may have contributed to mask the knowledge that subjects may have about the task is that subjects were only allowed to push the reward away from them, which is a particularly difficult action for primates in certain problem solving situations. We presented five orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), two bonobos (Pan paniscus), and one gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) with a modified trap tube that allowed subjects to push or rake the reward with the tool. In two additional follow-up tests, we inverted the tube 180 degrees rendering the trap nonfunctional and also presented subjects with the original task in which they were required to push the reward out of the tube. Results showed that all but one of the subjects preferred to rake the reward. Two orangutans and one chimpanzee (all of whom preferred to rake the reward), consistently avoided the trap only when it was functional but failed the original task. These findings suggest that some great apes may have some causal knowledge about the trap-tube task. Their success, however, depended on whether they were allowed to choose certain tool-using actions.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. mulcahy@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16612632			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2469
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	Author	van der Willigen, R.F.; Frost, B.J.; Wagner, H.
	Title	How owls structure visual information			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	6	Issue	1	Pages	39-55
	Keywords	Animals; Cognition; Depth Perception; Discrimination Learning; Female; Male; Strigiformes; *Visual Perception
	Abstract	Recent studies on perceptual organization in humans claim that the ability to represent a visual scene as a set of coherent surfaces is of central importance for visual cognition. We examined whether this surface representation hypothesis generalizes to a non-mammalian species, the barn owl ( Tyto alba). Discrimination transfer combined with random-dot stimuli provided the appropriate means for a series of two behavioural experiments with the specific aims of (1) obtaining psychophysical measurements of figure-ground segmentation in the owl, and (2) determining the nature of the information involved. In experiment 1, two owls were trained to indicate the presence or absence of a central planar surface (figure) among a larger region of random dots (ground) based on differences in texture. Without additional training, the owls could make the same discrimination when figure and ground had reversed luminance, or were camouflaged by the use of uniformly textured random-dot stereograms. In the latter case, the figure stands out in depth from the ground when positional differences of the figure in two retinal images are combined (binocular disparity). In experiment 2, two new owls were trained to distinguish three-dimensional objects from holes using random-dot kinematograms. These birds could make the same discrimination when information on surface segmentation was unexpectedly switched from relative motion to half-occlusion. In the latter case, stereograms were used that provide the impression of stratified surfaces to humans by giving unpairable image features to the eyes. The ability to use image features such as texture, binocular disparity, relative motion, and half-occlusion interchangeably to determine figure-ground relationships suggests that in owls, as in humans, the structuring of the visual scene critically depends on how indirect image information (depth order, occlusion contours) is allocated between different surfaces.
	Address	Institut fur Biologie II, RWTH Aachen, Kopernikusstrasse 16, 52074, Aachen, Germany. willigen@bio2.rwth-aachen.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12658534			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2582
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