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Earley, R.L.; Tinsley, M.; Dugatkin, L.A. |
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To see or not to see: does previewing a future opponent affect the contest behavior of green swordtail males (Xiphophorus helleri)? |
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2003 |
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Naturwissenschaften |
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90 |
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5 |
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226-230 |
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Animals assess the fighting ability of conspecifics either by engaging in aggressive interactions or observing contests between others. However, whether individuals assess physical prowess outside the context of aggressive interactions remains unknown. We examined whether male green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri) extract information about the fighting ability of solitary individuals via observation and whether acquiring such information elicits behavioral modifications. Contests preceded by mutual visual assessment were significantly shorter than fights where only one or neither of the two individuals was informed in advance. Focal animals initiated aggressive behavior more often against larger opponents only after previewing their adversary, indicating that swordtails can extract information about relative body size from watching solitary conspecifics. When a fighting disadvantage is perceived, observers adopt tactics that increase their probability of winning the contest. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2180 |
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Sluyter F.; Arseneault L.; Moffitt T.E.; Veenema A.H.; de Boer S.; Koolhaas J.M. |
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Toward an Animal Model for Antisocial Behavior: Parallels Between Mice and Humans: Aggression |
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2003 |
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Behavior Genetics |
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33 |
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563-574 |
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3497 |
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Shanahan, S. |
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Title |
Trailer loading stress in horses: behavioral and physiological effects of nonaversive training (TTEAM) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
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Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science : JAAWS |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Appl Anim Welf Sci |
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6 |
Issue |
4 |
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263-274 |
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Animals; *Conditioning, Operant; *Escape Reaction; Female; Heart Rate; Horses/*psychology; Hydrocortisone/metabolism; Male; Saliva/metabolism; Stress/metabolism/prevention & control/*veterinary; *Transportation |
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Resistance in the horse to trailer loading is a common source of stress and injury to horses and their handlers. The objective of this study was to determine whether nonaversive training based on the Tellington-Touch Equine Awareness Method (TTEAM; Tellington-Jones &Bruns, 1988) would decrease loading time and reduce stress during loading for horses with a history of reluctance to load. Ten horses described by their owners as “problem loaders” were subjected to pretraining and posttraining assessments of loading. Each assessment involved two 7-min loading attempts during which heart rate and saliva cortisol were measured. The training consisted of six 30-min sessions over a 2-week period during which the horse and owner participated in basic leading exercises with obstacles simulating aspects of trailering. Assessment showed heart rate and saliva cortisol increased significantly during loading as compared to baseline (p <.001 and p <.05, respectively). Reassessment after training showed a decrease in loading time (p <.02), reduced heart rate during loading (p <.002), and reduced saliva cortisol as compared to pretraining assessments. Seven “good loaders” also were subject to loading assessment for physiological comparison. Increases in heart rate during loading were significantly higher in the good loaders (p <.001). Nonaversive training simulating aspects of loading may effectively reduce loading time and stress during loading for horses with a history of resistance to trailer loading. |
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shanahandvm@yahoo.ca |
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1088-8705 |
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PMID:14965781 |
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1903 |
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Chase, I.D.; Tovey, C.; Murch, P. |
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Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Differences in Dominance Relationships in Isolated Versus Socially Embedded Pairs of Fish |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Behaviour |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behaviour |
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140 |
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10 |
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1193-1217 |
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We performed experiments with cichlid fish to test whether several basic aspects of dominance were the same in isolated pairs as in pairs within a social group of three or four. We found that the social context, whether a pair was isolated or within a group, strongly affected the basic properties of dominance relationships. In particular, the stability of relationships over time, the replication of relationships in successive meetings, and the extent of the loser effect were all significantly less in socially embedded pairs than in isolated pairs. We found no significant winner effect in either isolated or socially embedded pairs. These findings call into question many current approaches to dominance that do not consider social context as an important factor in dominance behavior. These findings also cast serious doubt on the validity of empirical and theoretical approaches based on dyadic interactions. Among these approaches are game theoretic models for the evolution of aggressive behavior, experimental designs evaluating how asymmetries in attributes influence the outcome of dominance |
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refbase @ user @ |
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857 |
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Author |
Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J. |
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Title |
Uncertainty in pigeons |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
Psychonomic bulletin & review |
Abbreviated Journal |
Psychon Bull Rev |
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10 |
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3 |
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738-745 |
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Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception |
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Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions. |
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University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
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1069-9384 |
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PMID:14620372 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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366 |
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Author |
Aberle, K. S. |
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Title |
Untersuchung der Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse, Inzucht und genetischen Distanzen bei den deutschen Kaltblutpferderassen |
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Manuscript |
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2003 |
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Ph.D. thesis |
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Hannover |
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German |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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5185 |
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Herholz, C.P.; Gerber, V.; Tschudi, P.; Straub, R.; Imhof, A.; Busato, A. |
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Use of volumetric capnography to identify pulmonary dysfunction in horses with and without clinically apparent recurrent airway obstruction |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
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American Journal of Veterinary Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Am J Vet Res |
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64 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
338-345 |
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Aging; Airway Obstruction/*complications/diagnosis/*veterinary; Animals; Capnography/*methods/*veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases/*diagnosis; Horses; Lung Diseases/complications/*diagnosis/*veterinary; Male; Predictive Value of Tests |
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether volumetric capnography indices could be used to differentiate between horses without recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and horses with RAO that were in clinical remission or that had clinically apparent RAO. ANIMALS: 70 adult Swiss Warmblood horses (20 used for pleasure riding and 50 used for dressage or show jumping). PROCEDURE: Horses were allocated to 4 groups on the basis of history, clinical signs, results of endoscopy, and cytologic findings (group 1, 21 healthy horses; group 2, 22 horses with RAO that were in remission; group 3, 16 horses with mild RAO; group 4, 11 horses with exacerbated RAO). Expiratory volume and CO2 curves were recorded by use of a computerized ultrasonic spirometer. Volumetric capnograms were plotted, and derived indices were calculated. RESULTS: Dead-space volume (VD) was calculated by use of the Bohr equation (VD(Bohr)) and for physiologic VD (VD(phys)). Ratios for VD(Bohr) to expiratory tidal volume (VT) and VD(phys) to V(T) as well as an index of effective CO2 elimination were significantly different among groups of horses. Age and use of the horses also significantly affected volumetric capnography indices. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ratios of VD(Bohr) to VT and VD(phys) to VT as well as an index of effective CO2 elimination were sufficiently sensitive measures to distinguish between healthy horses and horses with RAO in remission. To optimize the ability of volumetric capnography indices to differentiate among horses in heterogeneous populations, it is important to account for effects of age and specific use of the horses. |
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Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, Langgasstr 124, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland |
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0002-9645 |
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PMID:12661875 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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3724 |
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Plotnik, J.; Nelson, P.A.; de Waal, F.B.M. |
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Visual field information in the face perception of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) |
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Journal Article |
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2003 |
Publication |
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann N Y Acad Sci |
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1000 |
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94-98 |
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Animals; *Facial Expression; Pan troglodytes; Recognition (Psychology); Visual Fields/*physiology; Visual Perception/*physiology |
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Evidence for a visual field advantage (VFA) in the face perception of chimpanzees was investigated using a modification of a free-vision task. Four of six chimpanzee subjects previously trained on a computer joystick match-to-sample paradigm were able to distinguish between images of neutral face chimeras consisting of two left sides (LL) or right sides (RR) of the face. While an individual's ability to make this distinction would be unlikely to determine their suitability for the VFA tests, it was important to establish that distinctive information was available in test images. Data were then recorded on their choice of the LL vs. RR chimera as a match to the true, neutral image; a bias for one of these options would indicate an hemispatial visual field advantage. Results suggest that chimpanzees, unlike humans, do not exhibit a left visual field advantage. These results have important implications for studies on laterality and asymmetry in facial signals and their perception in primates. |
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Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. jmp63@cornell.edu |
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0077-8923 |
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PMID:14766624 |
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refbase @ user @ |
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175 |
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Valero, N. |
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Title |
West Nile virus: a new challenge? |
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2003 |
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Investigacion Clinica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Invest Clin |
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44 |
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3 |
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175-177 |
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Animal Migration; Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds; Caribbean Region; Central America; Culex/virology; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/virology; North America/epidemiology; South America; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/*physiology |
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West Nile Virus (WNV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, was first isolated in 1937. Since the original isolation of the WNV outbreaks have occurred with increase in frequency of cases in humans and horses, apparent increase in severe human disease and high avian death rates. In 1999, 2000 and 2002 outbreaks of the WNV encephalitis were reported in horses, birds and humans from New York and Canada. Ornithophilic mosquitoes are the principal vectors of the WNV and birds of several species chiefly migrants appear to be the major introductory or amplifying host. The pattern of outbreaks in the old and new world suggests that viremic migratory birds may also contribute to movement of the virus. If so, Central America, Caribbean Islands and countries of South America including Venezuela, are in potential risk for suffering a severe outbreak for WNV, since several species of birds have populations that pass trough New York and cross the western north Atlantic or Caribbean Sea. It is important the knowledge of the ecology of WNV as well of the efficacy of control efforts in order to minimize the public health impact in these countries, where all population is susceptible to this infection. |
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Virus del Nilo Occidental: Un nuevo reto? |
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0535-5133 |
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PMID:14552056 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2640 |
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Author |
Komar, N. |
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Title |
West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America |
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2003 |
Publication |
Advances in Virus Research |
Abbreviated Journal |
Adv Virus Res |
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61 |
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185-234 |
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Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds/virology; Culex/virology; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Epidemiology, Molecular; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; North America/epidemiology; Risk Factors; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/genetics |
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA |
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0065-3527 |
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PMID:14714433 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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2638 |
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