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	Author	McLean, A.N.
	Title	Cognitive abilities -- the result of selective pressures on food acquisition?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	71	Issue	3	Pages	241-258
	Keywords	Adaptive intelligence; Animal cognition; Darwinian selection; Insightful learning
	Abstract	Locating and capturing food are suggested as significant selection pressures for the evolution of various cognitive abilities in mammals and birds. The hypothesis is proposed that aspects of food procuring behaviour should be strongly indicative of particular cognitive abilities. Experimental data concerning higher mental abilities in mammals and birds are reviewed. These data deal with self-recognition studies, rule-learning experiments, number concept, deceptive abilities, tool-use and observational learning. A Darwinian approach reveals: (1) the adaptiveness of particular abilities for particular niches, (2) that in complex foraging environments, increases in foraging efficiencies in animals should result from the evolution of particular cognitive abilities, (3) that phenomena such as convergent mental evolution should be expected to have taken place across taxonomic groups for species exploiting similar niches, (4) that divergence in mental ability should also have taken place where related species have exploited dissimilar niches. Experimental data of higher mental abilities in animals concur with a Darwinian explanation for the distribution of these cognitive abilities and no anomalies have been found. There are, as a consequence, significant implications for the welfare of animals subject to training when training methodology gives little or no consideration to the various mental abilities of species.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2907
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	Author	Itakura, S.; Agnetta, B.; Hare, B.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Chimpanzee Use of Human and Conspecific Social Cues to Locate Hidden Food			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Developmental Science	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Sci
	Volume	2	Issue	2	Pages	448 - 456
	Keywords
	Abstract	Two studies are reported in which chimpanzees attempted to use social cues to locate hidden food in one of two possible hiding places. In the first study four chimpanzees were exposed to a local enhancement cue (the informant approached and looked to the location where food was hidden and then remained beside it) and a gaze/point cue (the informant gazed and manually pointed towards the location where the food was hidden). Each cue was given by both a human informant and a chimpanzee informant. In the second study 12 chimpanzees were exposed to a gaze direction cue in combination with a vocal cue (the human informant gazed to the hiding location and produced one of two different vocalizations – a 'food-bark' or a human word-form). The results were – (i) all subjects were quite skillful with the local enhancement cue, no matter who produced it; (ii) few subjects were skillful with the gaze/point cue, no matter who produced it (most of these being individuals who had been raised in infancy by humans); and (iii) most subjects were skillful when the human gazed and vocalized at the hiding place, with little difference between the two types of vocal cue. Findings are discussed in terms of chimpanzees' apparent need for additional cues, over and above gaze direction cues, to indicate the presence of food.
	Address	Department of Psychology and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, USA DOI – 10.1111/1467-7687.00089
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1999	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4973
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	Author	Werner, C.; Rehkämper, G.
	Title	Categorization of multidimensional geometrical figures by chickens (Gallus gallus f. domestica): fit of basic assumptions from exemplar, feature and prototype theory			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	1	Pages	37-48
	Keywords
	Abstract	Five hens, experienced in discrimination of two categories of multidimensional geometrical figures presented in fixed pairs in a simultaneous discrimination, were tested with familiar figures arranged as new pairs to assess the dependence of categorization performance on learned relational or configural cues. Test performance did not differ from training: relational or configural cues still influenced discrimination performance. It was suggested that – in accordance with exemplar theories – this influence depended on differences between pairs of probe exemplars that facilitate retrieval of learned category members. To test whether exemplar, feature or prototype theory was most suitable to explain categorization by chickens, the rates of pecking at exemplars were analysed using principal components analysis (PCA). The distribution of the exemplars' component loads on the single component obtained was examined in the light of the conditions dictated by the three types of theories on how representative category exemplars should be. The least constraining theory, i.e. the exemplar theory, was most suitable. Defining factors of classificatory behaviour are discussed with a special emphasis on the characteristics of category-defining stimulus attributes.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3301
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	Author	Hanggi, E.B.
	Title	Can Horses Recognize Pictures?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Proceedings of the Third International Conference of Cognitive Science	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume		Issue		Pages	52-56
	Keywords
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Beijing, China.	Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3566
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	Author	Rybarczyk, P.; Koba, Y.; Rushen, J.; Tanida, H.; de Passille, A.M.
	Title	Can cows discriminate people by their faces?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	74	Issue	3	Pages	175-189
	Keywords	Dairy cows; Human-animal relationships; Discrimination; Learning; Facial recognition; Operant conditioning
	Abstract	This experiment examines the cues used by cattle to discriminate between people, particularly the role played by facial cues. We trained and tested eight Holstein cows 5 days each week for 2 months. For each cow, we used two people, a rewarder and a non-rewarder, of different size and dressed in overalls of the same colour. The operant chamber was a large box within which stood the two people. The cow could see, smell and touch each person. A lever was placed in front of each person. When the cow pushed the lever in front of the rewarder, it received 75 g of concentrate and nothing when it pushed on the other one. For each test session, the cows made 10 choices. The placement of the people was determined randomly according to the Gellerman series. The success criterion was defined as at least eight correct choices out of 10 trials for two consecutive sessions (binomial law P<0.003). During the shaping, seven cows out of eight learned to press the lever to obtain the food. The cows were then tested in a series of 10 trials with only the rewarder present. Seven out of seven cows succeeded in reaching the success criterion. In experiment 1, both the rewarder and the non-rewarder were present and standing upright at normal height and in full view of the cow. Five out of seven cows achieved the success criterion. In experiment 2, the cows could see only the faces of the two people. None of the cows were able to reach the success criterion. In experiment 3, both people were present standing up and wearing identical masks that completely covered their heads. Five cows out of five achieved the success criterion. In experiment 4, we changed the relative height of the people. Five cows out of five succeeded when the two people stood so they were of equal height but with their faces visible. However, no cows succeeded when the people were both of equal height and had their faces covered. This study suggests that cows seem to use multiple cues to discriminate between people. Cows appear able to use either body height or the face to discriminate between people but use of the face alone is more difficult when the cows cannot see the rest of the body.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	849
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	Author	Hare, B.
	Title	Can competitive paradigms increase the validity of experiments on primate social cognition?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	4	Issue	3	Pages	269-280
	Keywords
	Abstract	Experiments vary in their ability to distinguish between competing hypotheses. In tests on primate cognition the majority of this variation is due to an experimenter's ability to test primates in valid settings while providing the adequate amount of experimental control. While experimenters studying primate cognition can use methods of control perfected in captivity, it is still very unclear how to design and then objectively evaluate the external validity of new experimental paradigms. I recommend that more effort be allocated to specify how to create relevant test settings for primates. Primate social life is highly competitive. This means that all aspects of primates themselves, including their cognitive abilities, have likely been shaped by the need to out-compete conspecifics. Based on this hypothesis, sophisticated cognitive abilities of primates might best be demonstrated in competitive contexts. Thus, it is suggested that one possible measure of validity is whether investigators integrate a competitive component into their experimental designs. To evaluate this methodological prediction I review the literature on chimpanzee perspective-taking as a case study including several recent studies that include a competitive component in their experimental designs.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3093
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Bystander effects and the structure of dominance hierarchies			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	12	Issue	3	Pages	348-352
	Keywords
	Abstract	Prior modeling work has found that pure winner and loser effects (i.e., changing the estimation of your own fighting ability as a function of direct prior experience) can have important consequences for hierarchy formation. Here these models are extended to incorporate “bystander effects.” When bystander effects are in operation, observers (i.e., bystanders) of aggressive interactions change their assessment of the protagonists' fighting abilities (depending on who wins and who loses). Computer simulations demonstrate that when bystander winner effects alone are at play, groups have a clear omega (bottom-ranking individual), while the relative position of other group members remains difficult to determine. When only bystander loser effects are in operation, wins and losses are randomly distributed throughout a group (i.e., no discernible hierarchy). When pure and bystander winner effects are jointly in place, a linear hierarchy, in which all positions (i.e., {alpha} to {delta} when N = 4) are clearly defined, emerges. Joint pure and bystander loser effects produce the same result. In principle one could test the predictions from the models developed here in a straightforward comparative study. Hopefully, the results of this model will spur on such studies in the future.
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/12.3.348			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	441
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	Author	Tomasello, M.; Call, J
	Title	Books Received			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Animal Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	61	Issue	1	Pages	269-270
	Keywords
	Abstract	The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots. By I. M. PEPPERBERG. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press (1999).
	Address
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-3472	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5446
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	Author	Goddard, P.J.; Summers, R.W.; Macdonald, A.J.; Murray, C.; Fawcett, A.R.
	Title	Behavioural responses of red deer to fences of five different designs			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	73	Issue	4	Pages	289-298
	Keywords	Red deer; Fence efficiency; Grazing behaviour
	Abstract	Capercaillie, a large species of grouse, are sometimes killed when they fly into high-tensile deer fences. A fence design which is lower or has a less rigid top section than conventional designs would reduce bird deaths, but such fences would still have to be deer-proof. The short-term behavioural responses of farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) to fences of five designs, including four that were designed to be less damaging to capercaillie, were measured. Five deer were located on one side of a fence with a larger group (20 animals), from which they had been recently separated, on the other. The efficacy of fences in preventing deer from the small group from rejoining the larger group was also recorded. In addition to a conventional deer fence (C) the four new designs were, an inverted “L” shape (L), a fence with offset electric wire (E), a double fence (D) and a fence with four webbing tapes above (W). Four replicate groups of deer were each tested for 3 days with each fence design. Deer paced the test fence line relatively frequently (a proportion of 0.09 scan observations overall) but significantly less when deer were separated by fences E or C compared to L, W or D (overall difference between fence types, P<0.001). Deer separated by fence E spent significantly more time pacing perimeter fences than deer separated by fences of other types (overall difference between fence types, P<0.01) but deer separated by fence C maintained a low level of fence pacing overall. Analysis of behaviour patterns across the first day and the 3 days of exposure suggested that the novelty of the test fences, rather than the designs per se, influenced the behaviour of the deer. Over the course of the study, no deer crossed either C or L. Three deer crossed E and two deer crossed both W and D. On this basis, field testing, particularly of fence L, would be a useful next step.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2101
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	Author	Miller, R.M.
	Title	Behavior and misbehavior of the horse			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
	Volume	17	Issue	2	Pages	379-87, ix
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal/physiology; Curriculum; Education, Veterinary; Horses/physiology/*psychology; United States
	Abstract	For decades after the discipline of psychiatry had been established as an accepted specialty, many medical schools continued to fail to train their students in the fundamentals of this discipline. Medical students all have at least cursory exposure to psychiatric principles and basic psychology. Unfortunately, the veterinary profession has lagged behind human medicine in this regard. Until recently, veterinary students received no training in animal behavior, and there were no available residencies within our schools for developing board-certified behavioral specialists.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0749-0739	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15658182			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1894
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