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	Author	Hoff, M.P.; Nadler, R.D.; Maple, T.L.
	Title	Development of infant independence in a captive group of lowland gorillas			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1981	Publication	Developmental Psychobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Dev Psychobiol
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	251-265
	Keywords	Animals; Dependency (Psychology); Female; Gorilla gorilla/growth & development; Male; Maternal Behavior; *Personality; Sex Factors; Social Behavior; Weaning
	Abstract	In March 1976, 3 lowlands gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) were born to primiparous females living with an adult male in a large compound at the field station of the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center of Emory University. Observations of parent and infant behavior began at the birth of the infants, using several methods of data collection. This report focuses on the development of independence in these infants over the 1st 1 1/2 years of life. As expected, measures of mother-infant contact and proximity decreased with age. Several measures suggested that infant independence developed as an interactive process between mothers and infants, with primary responsibility changing over the months of study. Maternal behaviors that served to maintain mother-infant contact were found to decrease with age, with an eventual shift to infant responsibility for contact maintenance. Additionally, the adult male appeared to influence developing independence as reflected in the maternal protectiveness evoked by his behavior.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0012-1630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:7262467			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4170
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	Author	Khalil, A.M.; Kaseda, Y.
	Title	Early experience affects developmental behaviour and timing of harem formation in Misaki horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1998	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	59	Issue	4	Pages	253-263
	Keywords	Feral horse; Young male; Social behavior; Developmental stage
	Abstract	A study was made of the behavior of young male Misaki feral horses in the developmental stage, by observing nine of them once a week from January 1988 to December 1996. The relationship between behavior before separation and in the developmental stage was also investigated. This stage begins just after young males separate from their natal band or mothers, and it continues until they start to form harems. The duration of the developmental stage in the study ranged from 0.6 to 3.9 years, depending on the age of the young males at the time of separation. Young males associated with three types of social groups at the beginning of the developmental stage, according to their social groups before separation. These were bachelor groups, harem groups and wandering female groups. During this period, males joined the three groups, mixed sex groups and sometimes were solitary. It was considered that these associations provided a good opportunity for males to acquire different behavioral patterns and experiences before they entered the next stage. Depending on the groups with which they associated, young males that spent more time with bachelor groups had the longest average developmental stage. They associated with harem groups more often during the breeding season and more frequently with other groups or were solitary during the non-breeding season. This may be a transition period because by the end of this stage all males had spent time in solitude before forming their own harem bands.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	2021
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	Author	Takai, S.; Narita, K.; Ando, K.; Tsubaki, S.
	Title	Ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil on a horse-breeding farm			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Veterinary Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Microbiol
	Volume	12	Issue	2	Pages	169-177
	Keywords	Actinomycetales/classification/growth & development; Animals; Corynebacterium/classification/growth & development; Feces/microbiology; Female; Horses; Serotyping; *Soil Microbiology
	Abstract	The ecology of Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi in soil was studied on a horse-breeding farm. R. equi was cultured from soil at a depth of 0, 10, and 20 cm on the six sites of the farm at monthly intervals for 10 months from March to December of 1983. The highest numbers of R. equi were found in the surface soil. The mean number of bacteria in soil samples at every depth increased remarkably from 0 or 10(2) to 10(4) colony-forming units (CFU) g-1 of soil in the middle of April, and later decreased gradually. R. equi inoculated into six soil exudate broths prepared from surface soils at separate sites yielded suspensions with different optical densities, indicating differences in growth. The distribution of serotypes in the soil was similar to that in the horses on the farm. These findings indicated that R. equi could multiply in the soil and flourish in the cycle existing between horses and their soil environment.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0378-1135	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3750818			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2683
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	Author	Barton, M.D.; Hughes, K.L.
	Title	Ecology of Rhodococcus equi			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1984	Publication	Veterinary Microbiology	Abbreviated Journal	Vet Microbiol
	Volume	9	Issue	1	Pages	65-76
	Keywords	Actinomycetales/growth & development/immunology/isolation & purification; Animal Husbandry; Animals; Antigens, Bacterial/immunology; Artiodactyla/microbiology; Australia; Digestive System/microbiology; Ecology; Feces/microbiology; Horses/microbiology; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Rabbits/microbiology; *Soil Microbiology
	Abstract	A selective broth enrichment technique was used to study the distribution of Rhodococcus equi in soil and grazing animals. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from 54% of soils examined and from the gut contents, rectal faeces and dung of all grazing herbivorous species examined. Rhodococcus equi was not isolated from the faeces or dung of penned animals which did not have access to grazing. The isolation rate from dung was much higher than from other samples and this was found to be due to the ability of R. equi to multiply more readily in dung. Delayed hypersensitivity tests were carried out on horses, sheep and cattle, but only horses reacted significantly. The physiological characteristics of R. equi and the nature of its distribution in the environment suggested that R. equi is a soil organism.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0378-1135	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:6719819			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2688
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	Author	La Riviere, J.W.
	Title	Ecology of yeasts in the kefir grain			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1969	Publication	Antonie van Leeuwenhoek	Abbreviated Journal	Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
	Volume	35	Issue		Pages	Suppl:D15-6
	Keywords	Animals; Dairy Products; Food Microbiology; Horses; Lactobacillus/growth & development/isolation & purification; Mitosporic Fungi/growth & development/isolation & purification; Saccharomyces/*growth & development/isolation & purification; Symbiosis
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0003-6072	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5311957			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2741
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	Author	Santamaria, S.; Bobbert, M.F.; Back, W.; Barneveld, A.; van Weeren, P.R.
	Title	Effect of early training on the jumping technique of horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	66	Issue	3	Pages	418-424
	Keywords	Age Factors; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Biomechanics; Forelimb/physiology; Gait/physiology; Hindlimb/physiology; Horses/growth & development/physiology; Locomotion/physiology; Models, Biological; Physical Conditioning, Animal/methods
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of early training for jumping by comparing the jumping technique of horses that had received early training with that of horses raised conventionally. ANIMALS: 40 Dutch Warmblood horses. PROCEDURE: The horses were analyzed kinematically during free jumping at 6 months of age. Subsequently, they were allocated into a control group that was raised conventionally and an experimental group that received 30 months of early training starting at 6 months of age. At 4 years of age, after a period of rest in pasture and a short period of training with a rider, both groups were analyzed kinematically during free jumping. Subsequently, both groups started a 1-year intensive training for jumping, and at 5 years of age, they were again analyzed kinematically during free jumping. In addition, the horses competed in a puissance competition to test maximal performance. RESULTS: Whereas there were no differences in jumping technique between experimental and control horses at 6 months of age, at 4 years, the experimental horses jumped in a more effective manner than the control horses; they raised their center of gravity less yet cleared more fences successfully than the control horses. However, at 5 years of age, these differences were not detected. Furthermore, the experimental horses did not perform better than the control horses in the puissance competition. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Specific training for jumping of horses at an early age is unnecessary because the effects on jumping technique and jumping capacity are not permanent.
	Address	Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15822585			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	4037
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	Author	Clutton-Brock, T.H.; Russell, A.F.; Sharpe, L.L.; Brotherton, P.N.; McIlrath, G.M.; White, S.; Cameron, E.Z.
	Title	Effects of helpers on juvenile development and survival in meerkats			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2001	Publication	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Abbreviated Journal	Science
	Volume	293	Issue	5539	Pages	2446-2449
	Keywords	Animals; Breeding; Carnivora/growth & development/physiology; Cooperative Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Male; Survival Rate; *Weight Gain
	Abstract	Although breeding success is known to increase with group size in several cooperative mammals, the mechanisms underlying these relationships are uncertain. We show that in wild groups of cooperative meerkats, Suricata suricatta, reductions in the ratio of helpers to pups depress the daily weight gain and growth of pups and the daily weight gain of helpers. Increases in the daily weight gain of pups are associated with heavier weights at independence and at 1 year of age, as well as with improved foraging success as juveniles and higher survival rates through the first year of life. These results suggest that the effects of helpers on the fitness of pups extend beyond weaning and that helpers may gain direct as well as indirect benefits by feeding pups.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. thcb@hermes.cam.ac.uk
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0036-8075	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:11577235			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	414
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	Author	Preston, S.D.; de Waal, F.B.M.
	Title	Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Behavioral and Brain Sciences	Abbreviated Journal	Behav Brain Sci
	Volume	25	Issue	1	Pages	1-20; discussion 20-71
	Keywords	Adult; Animals; Child; Emotions/physiology; *Empathy; Evolution; Haplorhini; Helping Behavior; Humans; Mental Disorders/physiopathology/psychology; Morals; Personality Development; Phylogeny; Prefrontal Cortex/physiopathology; Socialization
	Abstract	There is disagreement in the literature about the exact nature of the phenomenon of empathy. There are emotional, cognitive, and conditioning views, applying in varying degrees across species. An adequate description of the ultimate and proximate mechanism can integrate these views. Proximately, the perception of an object's state activates the subject's corresponding representations, which in turn activate somatic and autonomic responses. This mechanism supports basic behaviors (e.g., alarm, social facilitation, vicariousness of emotions, mother-infant responsiveness, and the modeling of competitors and predators) that are crucial for the reproductive success of animals living in groups. The Perception-Action Model (PAM), together with an understanding of how representations change with experience, can explain the major empirical effects in the literature (similarity, familiarity, past experience, explicit teaching, and salience). It can also predict a variety of empathy disorders. The interaction between the PAM and prefrontal functioning can also explain different levels of empathy across species and age groups. This view can advance our evolutionary understanding of empathy beyond inclusive fitness and reciprocal altruism and can explain different levels of empathy across individuals, species, stages of development, and situations.
	Address	University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, 2RCP-Neurology Clinic, Iowa City, IA 52242. stephanie-d-preston@uiowa.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0140-525X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12625087			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	181
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	Author	Boray, J.C.
	Title	Experimental fascioliasis in Australia			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1969	Publication	Advances in Parasitology	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Parasitol
	Volume	7	Issue		Pages	95-210
	Keywords	Adaptation, Biological; Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Australia; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/pathology; Climate; Disease Vectors; Ecology; Electron Transport; Estivation; Fasciola hepatica/enzymology/growth & development/metabolism/physiology; Fascioliasis/epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control/veterinary; Glycolysis; Guinea Pigs; Horses; Humans; Larva/growth & development/physiology; Marsupialia; Metamorphosis, Biological; Mice; New Guinea; New Zealand; Parasite Egg Count; Rats; Seasons; Sheep; *Sheep Diseases/pathology
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0065-308X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4935272			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2744
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	Author	Fureix, C.; Bourjade, M.; Henry, S.; Sankey, C.; Hausberger, M.
	Title	Exploring aggression regulation in managed groups of horses Equus caballus			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Applied Animal Behaviour Science	Abbreviated Journal	Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.
	Volume	138	Issue	3–4	Pages	216-228
	Keywords	Horses; Social behaviour; Aggression regulation; Coping in group; Management; Social development
	Abstract	Horses are highly social animals that have evolved to live in social groups. However, in modern husbandry systems, single housing prevails where horses experience social isolation, a challenge-to-welfare factor. One major reason for this single housing is the owners’ concerns that horses may injure each other during aggressive encounters. However, in natural conditions, serious injuries due to aggressive encounters are rare. What could therefore explain the claimed risks of group living for domestic horses? Basing our questioning on the current knowledge of the social life of horses in natural conditions, we review different practices that may lead to higher levels of aggression in horses and propose practical solutions. Observations of natural and feral horses mostly indicate a predominance of low frequencies and mild forms of aggression, based on subtle communication signals and ritualized displays and made possible by group stability (i.e. stable composition), dominance hierarchy and learning of appropriate social skills by young horses. Obviously, adults play a major role here in canalizing undesirable behaviours, and social experience during development, associated with a diversity of social partners, seems to be a prerequisite for the young horse to become socially skilled. Given the natural propensity of horses to have a regulation of aggression in groups, the tendency to display more aggression in groups of domestic horses under some management practices seems clearly related to the conditions offered. We therefore review the managing practices that could trigger aggressiveness in horses. Non social practices (space, resource availability) and social practices (group size, stability of membership, composition and opportunities for social experiences during development) in groups of domestic horses are discussed here. Finally, we propose simple practical solutions leading to more peaceful interactions in groups of domestic horses, based on the knowledge of horses’ natural social life which therefore should be enhanced (e.g. ensuring roughage availability, favouring group stability, introducing socially experienced adults in groups of young horses, etc.). The state of the art indicates that many questions still need to be answered. Given the importance of the associated welfare issues and the consequences on the use of horses, further research is required, which could benefit horses… and humans.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0168-1591	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	5648
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