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	Author	Mesterton-Gibbons, M.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Cooperation and the Prisoner's Dilemma: towards testable models of mutualism versus reciprocity			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1997	Publication	Animal Behaviour.	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Behav.
	Volume	54	Issue	3	Pages	551-557
	Keywords
	Abstract	For the purpose of distinguishing between mutualism and reciprocity in nature, recent work on the evolution of cooperation has both oversimplifed and undersimplified the distinction between these two categories of cooperation. This article addresses the resulting issues of model testability, clarifies the role of time and argues that the category of `pseudo-reciprocity' is an unnecessary complication.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	480
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Cooperation in animals: An evolutionary overview			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Biology and Philosophy	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	17	Issue	4	Pages	459-476
	Keywords
	Abstract	Evolutionary biologists have grappled with the question of the emergenceand maintenance of cooperation since Darwin first listed animal cooperation asapotential problem for his theory of natural selection. Here I review four pathsthat have been delineated in the study of intra-specific cooperation amonganimals. These paths – kinship, reciprocity, byproduct mutualism andgroupselection – serve as a starting point for behavioral ecologistsinterestedstudying the initiation and maintenance of cooperation. After reviewing theempirical and theoretical underpinnings of these paths to cooperation, I touchupon some recent work that has attempted to examine (or reexamine) the role ofphylogeny, punishment and morality in the light of cooperative behavior.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2179
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Hoglund, J.
	Title	Delayed breeding and the evolution of mate copying in lekking species			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1995	Publication	Journal of Theoretical Biology	Abbreviated Journal	J. Theor. Biol.
	Volume	174	Issue	3	Pages	261-267
	Keywords
	Abstract	Recent experimental evidence indicates that females may copy the mate choice of others. Here, we present a model for the evolution of mate copying strategies in lekking species. In the model, all females (copiers and non-copiers) assess male quality, but a copier's assessment of a male's quality increases after males have mated with other females. The model demonstrates that mate copying is favored when breeding late in the season has a relatively high cost. We hope that our results will spur empirical work quantifying the time constraints associated with breeding, thus allowing more direct tests of the model's predictions.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
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	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	482
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Dynamics of the TIT FOR TAT strategy during predator inspection in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	29	Issue	2	Pages	127-132
	Keywords
	Abstract	One well-known solution to the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma is the TIT FOR TAT strategy. This strategy has three “characteristics” associated with it. TIT FOR TAT is nice (cooperates on the first move of a game), retaliatory (plays defect against an individual that defected on the prior move), and forgiving (cooperates with an individual which has defected in the past but cooperates in the present). Predator inspection behavior in guppies (Poecilia reticulata) was examined in order to determine whether guppies displayed these three characteristics. Results indicate that while it can be quite difficult to translate the abstract concepts of niceness, retaliation, and forgiveness into measurable behaviors, the data support the hypothesis that guppies display the three characteristics associated with the TIT FOR TAT strategy.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2178
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	Author	Earley, R.L.; Dugatkin, L.A.
	Title	Eavesdropping on visual cues in green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) fights: a case for networking			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society	Abbreviated Journal	Proc Biol Sci
	Volume	269	Issue	1494	Pages	943-952
	Keywords	Aggression; Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Cyprinodontiformes; Female; Male
	Abstract	Aggressive contests probably occur in networking environments where information about fighting ability is conveyed both to an opponent and to individuals peripheral to the fight itself, the bystanders. Our primary aim was to investigate the relative influences of eavesdropping and prior social experience on the dynamics of aggressive contests in Xiphophorus helleri. A bystander's ability to witness an encounter was manipulated using clear, one-way mirror, and opaque partitions. After watching (or not watching) the initial contest, the bystander encountered either the winner or loser of the bout. Treatment comparisons of bystander-winner or bystander-loser contest dynamics indicated the presence or absence of winner, loser, or eavesdropping effects. Winner and loser effects had negligible influences on bystander contest dynamics. Eavesdropping significantly reduced the bystander's propensity to initiate aggression, escalate, and win against seen winners regardless of whether the watched bout had escalated or not. Though eavesdropping had relatively little effect on bystander-loser contest dynamics, bystanders were less prone to initiate aggression and win against losers that had escalated in the witnessed bout. Thus, bystanders appear to preferentially retain and utilize information gained about potentially dangerous opponents (winners or persistent losers). Our data lend clear support for the importance of eavesdropping in visually based aggressive signalling systems.
	Address	Department of Biology, Life Science, Room 139, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. rlearl01@athena.louisville.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0962-8452	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12028778			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	498
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	Author	Crowley, P.H.; Provencher, L.; Sloane, S.; Dugatkin, L.A.; Spohn, B.; Rogers, L.; Alfieri, M.
	Title	Evolving cooperation: the role of individual recognition			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Biosystems	Abbreviated Journal	Biosystems
	Volume	37	Issue	1-2	Pages	49-66
	Keywords	Game theory; Genetic algorithms; Individual recognition; Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma; Reciprocal altruism
	Abstract	To evaluate the role of individual recognition in the evolution of cooperation, we formulated and analyzed a genetic algorithm model (EvCo) for playing the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) game. Strategies compete against each other during each generation, and successful strategies contribute more of their attributes to the next generation. Each strategy is encoded on a `chromosome' that plays the IPD, responding to the sequences of most recent responses by the interacting individuals (chromosomes). The analysis reported in this paper considered different memory capabilities (one to five previous interactions), pairing continuities (pairs of individuals remain together for about one, two, five, or 1000 consecutive interactions), and types of individual recognition (recognition capability was maximal, nil, or allowed to evolve between these limits). Analysis of the results focused on the frequency of mutual cooperation in pairwise interactions (a good indicator of overall success in the IPD) and on the extent to which previous responses by the focal individual and its partner were associated with the partner's identity (individual recognition). Results indicated that a fixed, substantial amount of individual recognition could maintain high levels of mutual cooperation even at low pairing continuities, and a significant but limited capability for individual recognition evolved under selection. Recognition generally increased mutual cooperation more when the recent responses of individuals other than the current partner were ignored. Titrating recognition memory under selection using a fitness cost suggested that memory of the partner's previous responses was more valuable than memory of the focal's previous responses. The dynamics produced to date by EvCo are a step toward understanding the evolution of social networks, for which additional benefits associated with group interactions must be incorporated.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	483
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, J.-G.J.
	Title	*Female mate copying in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata): age-dependent effects*			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1993	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	4	Issue	4	Pages	289-292
	Keywords	mate choice, copying, guppy, Poecilia reticulata
	Abstract	Virtually all studies of mate choice to date have assumed that females choose mates independent of one another. Social cues, however, such as the mate choice of conspecifics, may also play an important role in such decisions. Previous work has shown that female guppies of similar age copy each other's choice of mates. Here we examine the effect of relative age on mate choice copying in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, and examine whether younger individuals are more likely to copy the mate choice of older conspecifics than vice versa. Results indicate that younger females copy the mate choice of older females, but older individuals do not appear to be influenced by the mate choice of younger individuals.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2181
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Earley, R.L.
	Title	Group fusion: the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in large groups			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Behavioral Ecology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol.
	Volume	14	Issue	3	Pages	367-373
	Keywords
	Abstract	We present the results of a series of computer simulations that examined the impact of winner, loser, and bystander effects on hierarchy formation in fused groups. These effects and their implications for hierarchy structure and aggressive interactions were first examined in small four-member groups. Subsequent to this, the two small groups were fused into a single larger group. Further interactions took place in this fused group, generating a new hierarchy. Our models demonstrate clearly that winner, loser, and bystander effects strongly influence both the structure and types of interactions that emerge from the fusion of smaller groups. Four conditions produced results in which the same general patterns were uncovered in pre- and postfusion groups: (1) winner effects alone, (2) bystander loser effects alone, (3) winner and bystander winner effects operating simultaneously, and (4) all four effects in play simultaneously. Outside this parameter space, hierarchy structure and the nature of aggressive interactions differed in pre- and postfusion groups. When only loser effects were in play, one of the two clear alphas from the prefused groups dropped in rank in the eight-member fused group. When bystander winner effects were in play, it was difficult to rank any of the eight individuals in the fused group, and players interacted almost exclusively with those that were not in their original four-member group. When loser and bystander loser effects operated simultaneously, two top-ranking individuals emerged in the fused groups, but the relative rank of the other players was difficult to assign.
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	Notes	10.1093/beheco/14.3.367			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	519
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Alfieri, M.
	Title	Guppies and the TIT FOR TAT strategy: preference based on past interaction			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1991	Publication	Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
	Volume	28	Issue	4	Pages	243-246
	Keywords
	Abstract	The evolution of cooperation requires either (a) nonrandom interactions, such that cooperators preferentially interact with other cooperators, or (b) conditional behaviors, such that individuals act cooperatively primarily towards other cooperators. Although these conditions can be met without assuming sophisticated animal cognition, they are more likely to be met if animals can remember individuals with whom they have interacted, associate past interactions with these individuals, and base future behavior on this information. Here we show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata), in the context of predator inspection behavior, can identify and remember (for at least 4 h) the “more cooperative” among two conspecifics and subsequently choose to be near these individuals in future encounters.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	3397
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Bekoff, M.
	Title	Play and the evolution of fairness: a game theory model			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Behavioural Processes	Abbreviated Journal	Behav. Process.
	Volume	60	Issue	3	Pages	209-214
	Keywords	Play; Fairness; Game theory
	Abstract	Bekoff [J. Consci. Stud. 8 (2001) 81] argued that mammalian social play is a useful behavioral phenotype on which to concentrate in order to learn more about the evolution of fairness. Here, we build a game theoretical model designed to formalize some of the ideas laid out by Bekoff, and to examine whether `fair' strategies can in fact be evolutionarily stable. The models we present examine fairness at two different developmental stages during an individual's ontogeny, and hence we create four strategies--fair at time 1/fair at time 2, not fair at time 1/not fair at time 2, fair at time 1/not fair at time 2, not fair at time 1/fair at time 2. Our results suggest that when considering species where fairness can be expressed during two different developmental stages, acting fairly should be more common than never acting fairly. In addition, when no one strategy was evolutionarily stable, we found that all four strategies we model can coexist at evolutionary equilibrium. Even in the absence of an overwhelming database from which to test our model, the general predictions we make have significant implications for the evolution of fairness.
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	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	488
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