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Author |
Reznikova, Z.I. |
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Title  |
[The study of tool use as the way for general estimation of cognitive abilities in animals] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Zhurnal Obshchei Biologii |
Abbreviated Journal |
Zh Obshch Biol |
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Volume |
67 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-22 |
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Keywords |
Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; *Cognition; Learning; Pattern Recognition, Physiological; Species Specificity |
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Abstract |
Investigation of tool use is an effective way to determine cognitive abilities of animals. This approach raises hypotheses, which delineate limits of animal's competence in understanding of objects properties and interrelations and the influence of individual and social experience on their behaviour. On the basis of brief review of different models of manipulation with objects and tools manufacturing (detaching, subtracting and reshaping) by various animals (from elephants to ants) in natural conditions the experimental data concerning tool usage was considered. Tool behaviour of anumals could be observed rarely and its distribution among different taxons is rather odd. Recent studies have revealed that some species (for instance, bonobos and tamarins) which didn't manipulate tools in wild life appears to be an advanced tool users and even manufacturers in laboratory. Experimental studies of animals tool use include investigation of their ability to use objects physical properties, to categorize objects involved in tool activity by its functional properties, to take forces affecting objects into account, as well as their capacity of planning their actions. The crucial question is whether animals can abstract general principles of relations between objects regardless of the exact circumstances, or they develop specific associations between concerete things and situations. Effectiveness of laboratory methods is estimated in the review basing on comparative studies of tool behaviour, such as “support problem”, “stick problem”, “tube- and tube-trap problem”, and “reserve tube problem”. Levels of social learning, the role of imprinting, and species-specific predisposition to formation of specific domains are discussed. Experimental investigation of tool use allows estimation of the individuals' intelligence in populations. A hypothesis suggesting that strong predisposition to formation of specific associations can serve as a driving force and at the same time as obstacle to animals' activity is discussed. In several “technically gifted” species (such as woodpecker finches, New Caledonian crows, and chimpanzees) tool use seems to be guided by a rapid process of trial and error learning. Individuals that are predisposed to learn specific connections do this too quickly and thus become enslaved by stereotypic solutions of raising problems. |
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Russian |
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0044-4596 |
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PMID:16521567 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2857 |
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Author |
Puppe, B. |
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Title |
[Social dominance and rank relationships in domestic pigs: a critical review] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift |
Abbreviated Journal |
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr |
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Volume |
109 |
Issue |
11-12 |
Pages |
457-464 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Female; Male; Models, Psychological; *Social Behavior; *Social Dominance; Swine/*psychology |
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Abstract |
Viewing dominance as an attribute of repeated agonistic interactions between two individuals, the present paper reviews theoretical approaches towards concepts of dominance, methods of measurement, and basic principles and problems connected with social dominance in domestic pigs. Domestic pigs are able to establish social organization structures during all stages of their ontogeny. According to definition, dominance relationships occur when a consistent asymmetry of the result of dyadic agonistic interactions can be assessed. This must not necessarily be connected immediately with a better availability of resources, or a high stability of existing dominance relationships, or a functional definition of dominance. When sociometric characteristics are calculated, it seems to be appropriate to use them for different levels of a biological system (individual, individual pair, group). Investigations of social behaviour and dominance in farm animals should take into account that mechanisms of social behaviour in confined environments are often carried out in parts only. Connections of the dominance concept with other concepts of behavioural regulation should be theoretically considered and further investigated by experimental studies. |
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Forschungsbereich Physiologische Grundlagen der Tierhaltung des Forschungsinstituts fur die Biologie landwirtschaftlicher Nutztiere Dummerstorf-Rostock |
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German |
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Original Title |
Soziale Dominanz- und Rangbeziehungen beim Hausschwein: eine kritische Ubersicht |
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0005-9366 |
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Notes |
PMID:8999780 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2861 |
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Author |
Candura, S.M.; Verni, P.; Minelli, C.M.; Rosso, G.L.; Cappelli, M.I.; Strambi, S.; Martellosio, V. |
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Title |
[Occupational risks among public safety and security forces] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia |
Abbreviated Journal |
G Ital Med Lav Ergon |
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Volume |
28 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
53-62 |
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Keywords |
Burnout, Professional/etiology; Climate; Health Education; Humans; *Law Enforcement; Noise/adverse effects; *Occupational Diseases/chemically induced/etiology/prevention & control; *Occupational Health; *Police; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/etiology; Stress, Psychological/etiology; Vibration/adverse effects |
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Abstract |
The present paper tries to identify the occupational risk factors (physical, chemical, biological, psychological), variable depending on jobs and tasks, to which the heterogeneous public safety/security workers are exposed. The fight against criminality and public order maintenance imply (sometimes fatal) traumatic risks, and expose to psychophysical and sensorial tiring, unfavourable macro- and microclimatic conditions, the risk of baropathy (air navigation, underwater activities), noise (generated by firearms and several other sources), vibrations and shakings (automatic weapons, transport vehicles), the risk of electric injury, ionizing (X and gamma rays) and non-inonizing (ultraviolet rays, microwaves and radiofrequencies, electromagnetic fields) radiations. Chemical hazards include carbon monoxide and other combustion products (fires, urban traffic), substances released in chemical accidents, tear gases, lead (firing grounds, metal works, environmental pollution), solvents, lubrificants and cutting oils (mechanic repair and maintenance), laboratory materials and reagents, irritant and/or sensitizing agents contained in gloves. The main biological risks are tetanus, blood-borne diseases (viral hepatitis, AIDS), aerogenous diseases (e.g., tuberculosis, Legionnaire's disease, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis), dog- or horse-transmitted zoonosis. Finally, emotional, psychosomatic and behavioural stress-related disorders (e.g., burn-out syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder) are typically frequent. The presence of numerous and diversified hazards among public safety/security forces imposes the adoption of occupational medicine measures, including risk assessment, health education, technical and environmental prevention, personal protective devices, sanitary surveillance and biological monitoring, clinical interventions (diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation of occupational accidents and illnesses), prompt medico-legal evaluation of occupational-related compensation claims. |
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Scuola di Specializzazione in Medicina del Lavoro, Universita degli Studi di Pavia, Italy |
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Italian |
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Original Title |
Rischi professionali nelle Forze dell'Ordine |
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ISSN |
1592-7830 |
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Notes |
PMID:16705889 |
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no |
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Call Number |
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Serial |
1871 |
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Author |
Joubert, L.; Oudar, J.; Hannoun, C.; Beytout, D.; Corniou, B.; Guillon, J.C.; Panthier, R. |
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Title |
[Epidemiology of the West Nile virus: study of a focus in Camargue. IV. Meningo-encephalomyelitis of the horse] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1970 |
Publication |
Annales de l'Institut Pasteur |
Abbreviated Journal |
Ann Inst Pasteur (Paris) |
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Volume |
118 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
239-247 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Ecology; Encephalitis Viruses/*isolation & purification; Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*epidemiology/immunology; France; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Meningoencephalitis/*veterinary; Neurologic Manifestations; Serologic Tests |
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French |
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Original Title |
Epidemiologie du virus West Nile: etude d'un foyer en Camargue. IV. La meningo-encephalomyelite du cheval |
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ISSN |
0020-2444 |
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Notes |
PMID:5461277 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2737 |
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Author |
Munoz-Sanz, A. |
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Title |
[Christopher Columbus flu. A hypothesis for an ecological catastrophe] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica |
Abbreviated Journal |
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin |
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Volume |
24 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
326-334 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Atlantic Islands; Birds; Chickens; Disease Outbreaks/*history; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Susceptibility; Ecology; Europe/ethnology; History, 15th Century; Horses; Humans; Indians, South American; Influenza A virus/classification/genetics/pathogenicity; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/history/transmission/virology; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*history/mortality/transmission; Models, Biological; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/history/veterinary/virology; Poultry Diseases/epidemiology/history/transmission/virology; Reassortant Viruses/genetics/pathogenicity; Species Specificity; Sus scrofa; Swine Diseases/history/transmission/virology; Terminology; West Indies/epidemiology |
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Abstract |
When Christopher Columbus and his men embarked on the second Colombian expedition to the New World (1493), the crew suffered from fever, respiratory symptoms and malaise. It is generally accepted that the disease was influenza. Pigs, horses and hens acquired in Gomera (Canary Islands) traveled in the same ship. The pigs may well have been the origin of the flu and the intermediary hosts for genetic recombination of other viral subtypes. The Caribbean archipelago had a large population of birds, the natural reservoir of the avian influenza virus. In this ecological scenario there was a concurrence of several biological elements that had never before coexisted in the New World: pigs, horses, the influenza virus and humans. We propose that birds are likely to have played an important role in the epidemiology of the flu occurring on the second Colombian trip, which caused a fatal demographic catastrophe, with an estimated mortality of 90% among the natives. |
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Address |
Unidad de Patologia Infecciosa, Hospital Universitario Infanta Cristina, Servicio Extremeno de Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Espana. infectio@unex.es |
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Language |
Spanish |
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Original Title |
La gripe de Cristobal Colon. Hipotesis sobre una catastrofe ecologica |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0213-005X |
ISBN |
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Notes |
PMID:16762260 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2624 |
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Author |
Kaplan, A.I.; Borodovskii, M.I. |
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Title |
[Alternative animal behavior: a model and its statistical characteristics] |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
Publication |
Nauchnye Doklady Vysshei Shkoly. Biologicheskie Nauki |
Abbreviated Journal |
Nauchnye Doki Vyss Shkoly Biol Nauki |
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Volume |
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Issue |
3 |
Pages |
29-32 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Behavior, Animal; Cognition; Male; Mathematics; *Models, Biological; *Models, Statistical; Rats; Reinforcement (Psychology) |
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Abstract |
The rats' alternative behaviour in T-maze at simultaneous two-sided food refreshment in 13 trials a day during 6 days has been studied. It has been found that in the first testing days the indexes of alternative behaviour of animals correspond to the characteristics of the random alternation. However, on the 5-6th day of testing in the overwhelming majority of rats the true deviation of alternation index above or below than the theoretical values has been revealed. A question on the existence of two strategies of cognitive behaviour alteration and perseveration in rat population is under discussion. |
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Russian |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Al'ternativnoe povedenie zhivotnykh: model' i statisticheskie kharakteristiki |
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Series Volume |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0470-4606 |
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Notes |
PMID:2742929 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2799 |
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Author |
Mirzaeva, A.G. |
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Title |
[Age makeup of female Culicoides sinanoensis Tok. in the coniferous-broad-leaved forest zone of the southern Maritime Territory] |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
1974 |
Publication |
Parazitologiia |
Abbreviated Journal |
Parazitologiia |
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Volume |
8 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
524-530 |
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Keywords |
Age Factors; Animals; *Ceratopogonidae/physiology; Corpus Luteum/physiology; Ecology; Female; Horses/parasitology; Humans; Ovulation; Pigments, Biological/physiology; Seasons; Siberia; Trees |
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Russian |
Summary Language |
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Original Title |
Vozrastnoi sostav samok Culicoides sinanoensis Tok. v zone khvoino-shirokolistvennykh lesov Iuzhnogo Primor'ia |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
0031-1847 |
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Notes |
PMID:4449654 |
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no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2707 |
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Author |
Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, M.M.; Blok, M.B.; Begeman, L.; Kamphuis, M.C.D.; Lameris, M.C.; Spierenburg, A.J.; Lashley, M.J.J.O. |
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Title |
Workload and stress in horses: comparison in horses ridden deep and round ('rollkur') with a draw rein and horses ridden in a natural frame with only light rein contact |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde |
Abbreviated Journal |
Tijdschr Diergeneeskd |
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Volume |
131 |
Issue |
5 |
Pages |
152-157 |
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Keywords |
Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Biomechanics; Blood Glucose/analysis; Female; Heart Rate/physiology; Hematocrit/veterinary; Horses/blood/*physiology; Hydrocortisone/blood; Lactic Acid/blood; Physical Conditioning, Animal/adverse effects/*physiology; Stress, Physiological/blood/etiology/veterinary |
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Abstract |
'Rollkur' or 'overbending' is the low and deep riding of a dressage horse during training or warming up. Lately, this technique has been criticized, and not necessarily objectively, on welfare grounds. To be able to evaluate these criticisms, more needs to be known about the workload and stress of horses being ridden 'rollkur'. The aim of the present study was to compare the workload of eight riding-school horses when being ridden deep and round with a draw rein ('rollkur') and when being ridden in a natural frame with only light rein contact ('free'). Workload (as measured by heart rate and blood lactate concentration) was slightly higher when horses were ridden 'rollkur' than when they were ridden 'free'. There were no differences in packed cell volume, or glucose and cortisol concentrations. No signs of uneasiness or stress could be determined when the horses were ridden 'rollkur'. Subjectively, all horses improved their way of moving during 'rollkur' and were more responsive to their rider. |
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Address |
Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.sloet@vet.uu.nl |
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English |
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ISSN |
0040-7453 |
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Notes |
PMID:16532786 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
5638 |
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Author |
Skov-Rackette, S.I.; Shettleworth, S.J. |
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Title |
What do rats learn about the geometry of object arrays? Tests with exploratory behavior |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process |
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Volume |
31 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
142-154 |
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Keywords |
Animals; Behavior, Animal; *Discrimination Learning; *Exploratory Behavior; Female; *Form Perception; Habituation, Psychophysiologic; Male; Rats; Rats, Long-Evans |
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Abstract |
Six experiments using habituation of exploratory behavior tested whether disoriented rats foraging in a large arena encode the shapes of arrays of objects. Rats did not respond to changes in position of a single object, but they responded to a change in object color and to a change in position of 1 object in a square array, as in previous research (e.g., C. Thinus-Blanc et al., 1987). Rats also responded to an expansion of a square array, suggesting that they encoded sets of interobject distances rather than overall shape. In Experiments 4-6, rats did not respond to changes in sense of a triangular array that maintained interobject distances and angles. Shapes of object arrays are encoded differently from shapes of enclosures. |
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Address |
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada. shannon.skov.rackette@utoronto.ca |
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English |
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ISSN |
0097-7403 |
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Notes |
PMID:15839772 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
refbase @ user @ |
Serial |
363 |
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Author |
Jordan, K.E.; Brannon, E.M. |
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Title |
Weber's Law influences numerical representations in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) |
Type |
Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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Volume |
9 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
159-172 |
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Keywords |
Animals; *Attention; *Discrimination (Psychology); Female; Macaca mulatta/*psychology; Mathematics; *Pattern Recognition, Visual; Perceptual Masking; *Problem Solving; Psychological Theory; Psychometrics |
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Abstract |
We present the results of two experiments that probe the ability of rhesus macaques to match visual arrays based on number. Three monkeys were first trained on a delayed match-to-sample paradigm (DMTS) to match stimuli on the basis of number and ignore continuous dimensions such as element size, cumulative surface area, and density. Monkeys were then tested in a numerical bisection experiment that required them to indicate whether a sample numerosity was closer to a small or large anchor value. Results indicated that, for two sets of anchor values with the same ratio, the probability of choosing the larger anchor value systematically increased with the sample number and the psychometric functions superimposed. A second experiment employed a numerical DMTS task in which the choice values contained an exact numerical match to the sample and a distracter that varied in number. Both accuracy and reaction time were modulated by the ratio between the correct numerical match and the distracter, as predicted by Weber's Law. |
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Address |
Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Box 90999, Durham, NC 27708, USA |
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English |
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Series Volume |
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Series Issue |
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Edition |
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ISSN |
1435-9448 |
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Notes |
PMID:16575587 |
Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
Serial |
2471 |
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