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VanDierendonck, M. C. (2006). Social contact in horses: implications for humanhorse interactions (Vol. Chapter 2). Ph.D. thesis, , Universiteit Utrecht.
Abstract: Feral horses are social animals, which have to rely on survival strategies centered on the formation of cohesive social bonds within their bands. Many problems in the husbandry of social animals such as horses, are due to the fact that the limits of their adaptive abilities are exceeded. Evidence suggests that the fundamental social characteristics of domestic horses have remained relatively unchanged. The social structure, social strategies and social interactions were investigated (3 non-consecutive years, 24 hr per day for several weeks) in long term established groups of domestic horses (mares and geldings of all ages) and a few small introduced groups, kept in (semi)natural environments. The general aim was to investigate the social needs of domestic horses. The social life of domestic horses was characterised by long lasting bonds with preferred partners which were established and maintained by allogrooming, play, proximity and dominance behaviours. Bonding partners were mainly found within the same sex-age group, but adult geldings also bonded with sub-adult mares and geldings. Adult mares were clustered in a group, while the other animals formed a second group. Among the adult mares, subgroups according to reproductive state were formed. Individuals regulated their social network by interfering with interactions between other members of the herd, which in itself is complex. An intervention is a behavioural action of one animal that actively interferes with an ongoing interaction between a dyad with the apparent aim of altering that interaction. This was verified by post-hoc analyses of disturbed and undisturbed interactions. Interventions in allogrooming or play were performed significantly more often when at least one member of the initial dyad was a preferred partner of, or familiar to (within the small introduced bands) the intervener. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming between the intervener and member(s) of the initial dyad, the higher the probability the intervener would displace one initial member and continue allogrooming with the other. Just five behaviours were extracted which reliably reflected the dominance relations among horses. Aggression with the hind quarters was used both offensively and defensively and therefore not suitable as a reliable parameter. Individual dominance relationships were related to social experience. The implications of these findings for horse husbandry were assessed. It is argued that the execution of affiliative behaviours may be rewarding in itself, and therefore always will be a highly motivated behaviour. It is shown that social positive physical interactions (allogrooming, play) with other horses is an ethological need and therefore indispensable in modern husbandry systems. Ethological needs are so important for the animal that husbandry systems that lack the possibilities to execute such behaviours will cause chronic stress. It is concluded that all horses need physical social contact, and that horses, which lack appropriate social learning experiences during ontogeny, may be hampered in their social functioning later in life. Solutions for problems, including dominance problems, in individual social housing and group housing are presented.
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VanDierendonck, M. C. (2006). Diff erences in social behaviour between late pregnant, post-partum and barren mares in a herd of Icelandic horses (Vol. Chapter 5). Ph.D. thesis, , Universiteit Utrecht.
Abstract: Feral horses are social animals, which have to rely on survival strategies centered on the formation of cohesive social bonds within their bands. Many problems in the husbandry of social animals such as horses, are due to the fact that the limits of their adaptive abilities are exceeded. Evidence suggests that the fundamental social characteristics of domestic horses have remained relatively unchanged. The social structure, social strategies and social interactions were investigated (3 non-consecutive years, 24 hr per day for several weeks) in long term established groups of domestic horses (mares and geldings of all ages) and a few small introduced groups, kept in (semi)natural environments. The general aim was to investigate the social needs of domestic horses. The social life of domestic horses was characterised by long lasting bonds with preferred partners which were established and maintained by allogrooming, play, proximity and dominance behaviours. Bonding partners were mainly found within the same sex-age group, but adult geldings also bonded with sub-adult mares and geldings. Adult mares were clustered in a group, while the other animals formed a second group. Among the adult mares, subgroups according to reproductive state were formed. Individuals regulated their social network by interfering with interactions between other members of the herd, which in itself is complex. An intervention is a behavioural action of one animal that actively interferes with an ongoing interaction between a dyad with the apparent aim of altering that interaction. This was verified by post-hoc analyses of disturbed and undisturbed interactions. Interventions in allogrooming or play were performed significantly more often when at least one member of the initial dyad was a preferred partner of, or familiar to (within the small introduced bands) the intervener. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming between the intervener and member(s) of the initial dyad, the higher the probability the intervener would displace one initial member and continue allogrooming with the other. Just five behaviours were extracted which reliably reflected the dominance relations among horses. Aggression with the hind quarters was used both offensively and defensively and therefore not suitable as a reliable parameter. Individual dominance relationships were related to social experience. The implications of these findings for horse husbandry were assessed. It is argued that the execution of affiliative behaviours may be rewarding in itself, and therefore always will be a highly motivated behaviour. It is shown that social positive physical interactions (allogrooming, play) with other horses is an ethological need and therefore indispensable in modern husbandry systems. Ethological needs are so important for the animal that husbandry systems that lack the possibilities to execute such behaviours will cause chronic stress. It is concluded that all horses need physical social contact, and that horses, which lack appropriate social learning experiences during ontogeny, may be hampered in their social functioning later in life. Solutions for problems, including dominance problems, in individual social housing and group housing are presented.
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VanDierendonck, M. C. (2006). Summary (Vol. Chapter 8). Ph.D. thesis, , Universiteit Utrecht.
Abstract: Feral horses are social animals, which have to rely on survival strategies centered on the formation of cohesive social bonds within their bands. Many problems in the husbandry of social animals such as horses, are due to the fact that the limits of their adaptive abilities are exceeded. Evidence suggests that the fundamental social characteristics of domestic horses have remained relatively unchanged. The social structure, social strategies and social interactions were investigated (3 non-consecutive years, 24 hr per day for several weeks) in long term established groups of domestic horses (mares and geldings of all ages) and a few small introduced groups, kept in (semi)natural environments. The general aim was to investigate the social needs of domestic horses. The social life of domestic horses was characterised by long lasting bonds with preferred partners which were established and maintained by allogrooming, play, proximity and dominance behaviours. Bonding partners were mainly found within the same sex-age group, but adult geldings also bonded with sub-adult mares and geldings. Adult mares were clustered in a group, while the other animals formed a second group. Among the adult mares, subgroups according to reproductive state were formed. Individuals regulated their social network by interfering with interactions between other members of the herd, which in itself is complex. An intervention is a behavioural action of one animal that actively interferes with an ongoing interaction between a dyad with the apparent aim of altering that interaction. This was verified by post-hoc analyses of disturbed and undisturbed interactions. Interventions in allogrooming or play were performed significantly more often when at least one member of the initial dyad was a preferred partner of, or familiar to (within the small introduced bands) the intervener. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming between the intervener and member(s) of the initial dyad, the higher the probability the intervener would displace one initial member and continue allogrooming with the other. Just five behaviours were extracted which reliably reflected the dominance relations among horses. Aggression with the hind quarters was used both offensively and defensively and therefore not suitable as a reliable parameter. Individual dominance relationships were related to social experience. The implications of these findings for horse husbandry were assessed. It is argued that the execution of affiliative behaviours may be rewarding in itself, and therefore always will be a highly motivated behaviour. It is shown that social positive physical interactions (allogrooming, play) with other horses is an ethological need and therefore indispensable in modern husbandry systems. Ethological needs are so important for the animal that husbandry systems that lack the possibilities to execute such behaviours will cause chronic stress. It is concluded that all horses need physical social contact, and that horses, which lack appropriate social learning experiences during ontogeny, may be hampered in their social functioning later in life. Solutions for problems, including dominance problems, in individual social housing and group housing are presented.
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VanDierendonck, M. C. (2006). General Introduction (Vol. Chapter 1). Ph.D. thesis, , .
Abstract: Feral horses are social animals, which have to rely on survival strategies centered on the formation of cohesive social bonds within their bands. Many problems in the husbandry of social animals such as horses, are due to the fact that the limits of their adaptive abilities are exceeded. Evidence suggests that the fundamental social characteristics of domestic horses have remained relatively unchanged. The social structure, social strategies and social interactions were investigated (3 non-consecutive years, 24 hr per day for several weeks) in long term established groups of domestic horses (mares and geldings of all ages) and a few small introduced groups, kept in (semi)natural environments. The general aim was to investigate the social needs of domestic horses. The social life of domestic horses was characterised by long lasting bonds with preferred partners which were established and maintained by allogrooming, play, proximity and dominance behaviours. Bonding partners were mainly found within the same sex-age group, but adult geldings also bonded with sub-adult mares and geldings. Adult mares were clustered in a group, while the other animals formed a second group. Among the adult mares, subgroups according to reproductive state were formed. Individuals regulated their social network by interfering with interactions between other members of the herd, which in itself is complex. An intervention is a behavioural action of one animal that actively interferes with an ongoing interaction between a dyad with the apparent aim of altering that interaction. This was verified by post-hoc analyses of disturbed and undisturbed interactions. Interventions in allogrooming or play were performed significantly more often when at least one member of the initial dyad was a preferred partner of, or familiar to (within the small introduced bands) the intervener. The stronger the preferred association in allogrooming between the intervener and member(s) of the initial dyad, the higher the probability the intervener would displace one initial member and continue allogrooming with the other. Just five behaviours were extracted which reliably reflected the dominance relations among horses. Aggression with the hind quarters was used both offensively and defensively and therefore not suitable as a reliable parameter. Individual dominance relationships were related to social experience. The implications of these findings for horse husbandry were assessed. It is argued that the execution of affiliative behaviours may be rewarding in itself, and therefore always will be a highly motivated behaviour. It is shown that social positive physical interactions (allogrooming, play) with other horses is an ethological need and therefore indispensable in modern husbandry systems. Ethological needs are so important for the animal that husbandry systems that lack the possibilities to execute such behaviours will cause chronic stress. It is concluded that all horses need physical social contact, and that horses, which lack appropriate social learning experiences during ontogeny, may be hampered in their social functioning later in life. Solutions for problems, including dominance problems, in individual social housing and group housing are presented.
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Hois, C. (2004). Feldstudie zur Gewichtsentwicklung und Gewichtsschätzung beim wachsenden Pferd. Ph.D. thesis, Tierärztlichen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, .
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Schnerr, C. U. (2011). Feldstudie zur Epidemiologie und Bekämpfung von Strongyliden in Pferdebeständen im Raum Baden- Württemberg. Ph.D. thesis, , .
Abstract: In der Zeit von April 2005 bis März 2006 wurden bei 105 Pferden monatlich
koprologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die Pferde waren zu zwei Drittel Jungtiere (≤ 4 Jahre) und ein Drittel > 4 Jahre. Die zur Verfügung stehenden vier Betriebe befanden sich alle im Raum Baden-Württemberg. Die Kotproben wurden mit Hilfe der Flotation auf Magen-Darmnematoden untersucht und anschließend einer quantitativen Eizahlbestimmung nach Mc Master unterzogen. Ab einem Eigehalt von 250 Eiern pro Gramm Kot (EpG) wurden die Pferde entsprechend der Gruppenzugehörigkeit entweder mit Pyrantel oder Ivermectin behandelt. Es wurden bei 73 Pferden ausschließlich Strongylideneier nachgewiesen; bei vier Pferden waren in der Flotation zusätzlich Eier von Parascaris equorum zu finden. Bei 28 (26,7%) der untersuchten Pferde wurden in keiner der 12 untersuchten Proben Eier von Magen-Darmnematoden nachgewiesen. Insgesamt mussten 57 (54,3%) der Pferde über den gesamten Untersuchungszeitraum hinweg nicht behandelt werden. 48 (45,7%) Pferde mussten mindestens einmal anthelminthisch behandelt werden. Kein Pferd musste häufiger als dreimal behandelt werden. In den Monaten August bis November war der Anteil an positiven Proben der Jungtiere signifikant höher als bei den Pferden > 4 Jahre. Innerhalb der Jungtiergruppe nahm die Höhe der Strongyliden-Eiausscheidung mit zunehmendem Alter signifikant ab. Ebenso nahm die Anzahl der positiven Proben im Laufe des Untersuchungszeitraums signifikant ab. Die beiden zur Entwurmung eingesetzten Substanzen (Pyrantel und Ivermectin) waren voll wirksam. In 98,8% der untersuchten Proben war ein Rückgang der Ei-Ausscheidung noch vier Wochen nach der Behandlung auf 0 EpG nachweisbar, d. h. es gab keinerlei Anzeichen für das Vorliegen von Resistenzen gegen die eingesetzten Substanzen. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen sind ein weiterer Beweis dafür, dass mit Hilfe der selektiven anthelminthischen Behandlung die Anzahl der Entwurmungen – insbesondere auch bei Jungtieren – deutlich gesenkt werden kann. Die Eiausscheidung und damit die Weidekontamination werden mit Hilfe dieses Verfahrens deutlich reduziert. [Between April 2005 and March 2006 monthly koprological examinations where carried out on 105 horses. Two third of the horses were young animals (≤ 4 years) and a third were > 4 years old. The four farms on hand were all located in the Baden- Württemberg area. Faecal samples were examined for gastro-intestinal nematodes by means of flotation and subsequently subjected to an egg-quantity counting according to Mc Master. Starting from an egg content of 250 eggs per gram faeces (EpG), the horses were treated with either Pyrantel or Ivermectin according to their group affiliation. In 73 horses solely Strongyle eggs were detected; the flotation of four horses additionaly showed eggs of Parascaris equorum. In 28 (26,7%) of the examined horses none of the 12 examined samples showed eggs of gastro-intestinal nematodes. Overall 57 (54,3%) horses didn´t need any treatment during the total examination cycle. 48 (45,7%) of the horses needed at least one anthelminthic treatment. None of the horses needed to be treated more than three times. From August to November the rate of positive samples within the group of young animals was significantly higher than in the horses > 4 years. Whithin the group of young animals the level of Strongyle egg excretions dropped significantly with advancing age. Likewise, the number of positive samples also dropped significantly in the course of the examination cycle. Both substances (Pyrantel and Ivermectin) applied for deworming were fully effective. Even a further 4 weeks after treatment the examined sample showed a drop of egg excretion to 0 EpG in 98,8% of the samples, in other words there were no signs of prevailing resistance appearances towards the applied substance. The present studies are further proof that the number of dewormings-especially in young animals can be distinctly reduced by means of selective anthelminthic treatments. Egg excretion and therewith pasture land contamination can be clearly reduced by means of this procedure.] |
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Fabritius, C. (2009). Sozialstruktur einer Herde Islandpferde bei Veränderung der Gruppenzusammenstellung. Ph.D. thesis, , Hannover.
Abstract: Die Domestikation des Pferdes begann wahrscheinlich etwa 5500 v. Chr. in
Südosteuropa. In Mitteleuropa traten circa 3000 v. Chr. die ersten Hauspferde auf. Grundsätzlich wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Ansprüche des Pferdes hinsichtlich der Lebensbedingungen, welche sich im Laufe der Evolution über Millionen von Jahren entwickelt haben, in der Obhut des Menschen nicht wesentlich geändert haben. Für Pferde typisch ist das Leben im Sozialverband, der Herde (Zeitler-Feicht 2008). Diese wird auch in den Leitlinien der Sachverständigengruppe tierschutzgerechte Pferdehaltung (10. November 1995) empfohlen, sofern es nicht durch zu häufigen Wechsel im Bestand zu einem Übermaß an Stress und agonistischen Aktionen kommt. Ziel der Arbeit war es, anhand eines nach der Literatur erstellten Ethogramms des Sozialverhaltens des Pferdes, herauszufinden, inwieweit Änderungen der Gruppenstruktur die sozialen Beziehungen beeinflussten. Die Fragestellung bezog sich auf eine Herde in Offenstallhaltung. Um die eventuellen Veränderungen der sozialen Interaktionen zu untersuchen, wurde erst die vorhandene Gruppenstruktur der Herde festgestellt. Danach wurde ein Individuum aus der Herde entfernt und ein anderes dazugestellt. Anschließend wurde die Gesamtgruppe in zwei Untergruppen geteilt und nach einem gewissen Zeitraum erneut zusammengeführt. Dabei wurden jeweils die Interaktionen der Pferde anhand des Ethogramms beobachtet, aufgezeichnet und protokolliert. Untersuchungsgegenstand war eine Herde Islandpferde, die in einer Ausgangsgruppe von 16 Tieren gehalten wurde. Die Beschreibung einer sozialen Ordnung im Allgemeinen und einer Rangordnung im Besonderen wird in vielen Studien ausschließlich auf der Basis der Beobachtung und Bewertung offensiv aggressiver Verhaltenselemente durchgeführt. Aggressives Verhalten muss hingegen im Gegensatz zu Verhaltensweisen, die die Anerkennung des sozialen Status des anderen Pferdes bedeuten, wie Abwenden oder Meiden, nicht notwendigerweise ein Anzeichen von Dominanz über ein anderes Tier bedeuten (Van Hoof u. Wensing 1987, Schilder 1988). Ein weiterer Aspekt dieser Arbeit sollte sein, eine Möglichkeit zu finden, die Sozialstruktur auch auf der Grundlage defensiver und soziopositiver Verhaltenselemente zu definieren. |
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Feh, C. (1987). Etude du développement des relations sociales chez des étalons (Equus caballus) de race camargue et de leur contribution à l'organisation sociale du groupe. Master's thesis, Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille.
Abstract: Diplôme de recherche universitaire: neurosciences comportementales: Université d'Aix-Marseille II. Faculté des sciences de Luminy Marseille (FRA)* 117p
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Grönemann, C. (2015). Konfliktfeld Pferd und Wolf – Eine Untersuchung zu Einstellungen, Erwartungen und Befürchtungen von Pferdehaltern und Reitsportlern in Niedersachsen. Master's thesis, Universität Hildesheim, Hildesheim.
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Vollmerhaus, B., Roos, H., Gerhards, H., & Knospe, C. (2003). [Phylogeny, form and function of canine teeth in the horse]. Anat Histol Embryol, 32(4), 212–217.
Abstract: The canine teeth of the horse developed phylogenically from the simple, pointed, short-rooted tooth form of the leaf eating, in pairs living, Eocene horse Hyracotherium and served up to the Oligocene as a means of defense (self preservation). In the Miocene the living conditions of the Merychippus changed and they took to eating grass and adopted as a new behavior the life in a herd. The canine teeth possibly played an important role in fights for social ranking; they changed from a crown form to knife-like shape. In the Pliohippus the canine tooth usually remained in male horses and since the Pliocene, it contributed to the fights between stallions, to ensure that the offspring only came from the strongest animals (preservation of the species). Form and construction of the canine tooth are described and discussed in detail under the above mentioned phylogenic and ethologic aspects.
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