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	Author	Sutton, J.E.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Internal sense of direction and landmark use in pigeons (Columba livia)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	119	Issue	3	Pages	273-284
	Keywords	Animals; Columbidae; Conflict (Psychology); Cues; Discrimination Learning; Homing Behavior; Intuition; Orientation; Space Perception; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	The relative importance of an internal sense of direction based on inertial cues and landmark piloting for small-scale navigation by White King pigeons (Columba livia) was investigated in an arena search task. Two groups of pigeons differed in whether they had access to visual cues outside the arena. In Experiment 1, pigeons were given experience with 2 different entrances and all pigeons transferred accurate searching to novel entrances. Explicit disorientation before entering did not affect accuracy. In Experiments 2-4, landmarks and inertial cues were put in conflict or tested 1 at a time. Pigeons tended to follow the landmarks in a conflict situation but could use an internal sense of direction to search when landmarks were unavailable.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. jsutton7@uwo.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16131256			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	360
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	Author	Sole, L.M.; Shettleworth, S.J.; Bennett, P.J.
	Title	Uncertainty in pigeons			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Psychonomic bulletin & review	Abbreviated Journal	Psychon Bull Rev
	Volume	10	Issue	3	Pages	738-745
	Keywords	Animals; Behavior, Animal; Columbidae; *Decision Making; Reinforcement (Psychology); Reward; Transfer (Psychology); Visual Perception
	Abstract	Pigeons classified a display of illuminated pixels on a touchscreen as sparse or dense. Correct responses were reinforced with six food pellets; incorrect responses were unreinforced. On some trials an uncertain response option was available. Pecking it was always reinforced with an intermediate number of pellets. Like monkeys and people in related experiments, the birds chose the uncertain response most often when the stimulus presented was difficult to classify correctly, but in other respects their behavior was not functionally similar to human behavior based on conscious uncertainty or to the behavior of monkeys in comparable experiments. Our data were well described by a signal detection model that assumed that the birds were maximizing perceived reward in a consistent way across all the experimental conditions.
	Address	University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1069-9384	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14620372			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	366
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	Author	Sekuler, A.B.; Lee, J.A.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	Perception	Abbreviated Journal	Perception
	Volume	25	Issue	9	Pages	1109-1120
	Keywords	Animals; Columbidae; Visual Perception
	Abstract	One of the most common obstacles to object perception is the fact that objects often occlude parts of themselves and parts of other objects. Perceptual completion has been studied extensively in humans, and researchers have shown that humans do complete partly occluded objects. In an effort to understand more about the mechanisms underlying completion, recent research has extended the study of perceptual completion to other mammalian species. Monkeys and mice also seem to complete two-dimensional representations of partly occluded objects. The present study addresses the question of whether this capacity generalizes to a nonmammalian species, the pigeon (Columba livia). The results point to a limit of the generalizability of perceptual completion: pigeons do not complete partly occluded figures.
	Address	Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0301-0066	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8983050			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	377
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	Author	Mrosovsky, N.; Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Further studies of the sea-finding mechanism in green turtle hatchlings			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1974	Publication	Behaviour	Abbreviated Journal	Behaviour
	Volume	51	Issue	3-4	Pages	195-208
	Keywords	Animals; Animals, Newborn/physiology; Contact Lenses; Locomotion; Orientation; Retina/physiology; Turtles/physiology; Visual Fields; Visual Perception; Water
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0005-7959	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:4447586			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	389
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	Author	Shettleworth, S.J.
	Title	Stimulus relevance in the control of drinking and conditioned fear responses in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus)			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1972	Publication	Journal of comparative and physiological psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Physiol Psychol
	Volume	80	Issue	2	Pages	175-198
	Keywords	Acoustic Stimulation; Animals; Auditory Perception; Chickens; Conditioning (Psychology); Conditioning, Classical; Discrimination Learning; Drinking Behavior; Electroshock; Fear; Light; Motor Activity; Photic Stimulation; Punishment; Quinine; *Sound; Taste; Visual Perception
	Abstract
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0021-9940	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:5047826			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	390
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	Author	Brauer, J.; Kaminski, J.; Riedel, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M.
	Title	Making inferences about the location of hidden food: social dog, causal ape			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Journal of comparative psychology	Abbreviated Journal	J Comp Psychol
	Volume	120	Issue	1	Pages	38-47
	Keywords	Animals; Communication; Cues; Dogs; Exploratory Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food; Male; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; *Visual Perception
	Abstract	Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and great apes from the genus Pan were tested on a series of object choice tasks. In each task, the location of hidden food was indicated for subjects by some kind of communicative, behavioral, or physical cue. On the basis of differences in the ecologies of these 2 genera, as well as on previous research, the authors hypothesized that dogs should be especially skillful in using human communicative cues such as the pointing gesture, whereas apes should be especially skillful in using physical, causal cues such as food in a cup making noise when it is shaken. The overall pattern of performance by the 2 genera strongly supported this social-dog, causal-ape hypothesis. This result is discussed in terms of apes' adaptations for complex, extractive foraging and dogs' adaptations, during the domestication process, for cooperative communication with humans.
	Address	Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. jbraeuer@eva.mpg.de
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication	Washington, D.C. : 1983	Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0735-7036	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16551163			Approved	yes
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	597
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	Author	Lazareva, O.F.; Smirnova, A.A.; Bagozkaja, M.S.; Zorina, Z.A.; Rayevsky, V.V.; Wasserman, E.A.
	Title	Transitive responding in hooded crows requires linearly ordered stimuli			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	82	Issue	1	Pages	1-19
	Keywords	Animals; Association; Cognition/physiology; Crows; Discrimination (Psychology); Discrimination Learning; Feedback; Reinforcement (Psychology); Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Eight crows were taught to discriminate overlapping pairs of visual stimuli (A+ B-, B+ C-, C+ D-, and D+ E-). For 4 birds, the stimuli were colored cards with a circle of the same color on the reverse side whose diameter decreased from A to E (ordered feedback group). These circles were made available for comparison to potentially help the crows order the stimuli along a physical dimension. For the other 4 birds, the circles corresponding to the colored cards had the same diameter (constant feedback group). In later testing, a novel choice pair (BD) was presented. Reinforcement history involving stimuli B and D was controlled so that the reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios for the latter would be greater than for the former. If, during the BD test, the crows chose between stimuli according to these reinforcement/nonreinforcement ratios, then they should prefer D; if they chose according to the diameter of the feedback stimuli, then they should prefer B. In the ordered feedback group, the crows strongly preferred B over D; in the constant feedback group, the crows' choice did not differ significantly from chance. These results, plus simulations using associative models, suggest that the orderability of the postchoice feedback stimuli is important for crows' transitive responding.
	Address	Institute of Higher Nervous Activity, Moscow State University. olga-lazareva@uiowa.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15484868			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	612
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	Author	Biederman, G.B.; Robertson, H.A.; Vanayan, M.
	Title	Observational learning of two visual discriminations by pigeons: a within-subjects design			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1986	Publication	Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior	Abbreviated Journal	J Exp Anal Behav
	Volume	46	Issue	1	Pages	45-49
	Keywords	Animals; Attention; Columbidae; Conditioning, Operant; Cues; Discrimination Learning; Imitative Behavior; Male; Visual Perception
	Abstract	Pigeon's observational learning of successive visual discrimination was studied using within-subject comparisons of data from three experimental conditions. Two pairs of discriminative stimuli were used; each bird was exposed to two of the three experimental conditions, with different pairs of stimuli used in a given bird's two conditions. In one condition, observers were exposed to visual discriminative stimuli only. In a second condition, subjects were exposed to a randomly alternating sequence of two stimuli where the one that would subsequently be used as S+ was paired with the operation of the grain magazine. In a third experimental condition, subjects were exposed to the performance of a conspecific in the operant discrimination procedure. After exposures to conspecific performances, there was facilitation of discriminative learning, relative to that which followed exposures to stimulus and reinforcement sequences or exposures to stimulus sequences alone. Exposure to stimulus and food-delivery sequences enhanced performance relative to exposure to stimulus sequences alone. The differential effects of these three types of exposure were not attributable to order effects or to task difficulty; rather, they clearly were due to the type of exposure.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0022-5002	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:3746187			Approved	no
	Call Number	refbase @ user @			Serial	853
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	Author	Fiset, S.; Leblanc, V.
	Title	Invisible displacement understanding in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): the role of visual cues in search behavior			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2007	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	10	Issue	2	Pages	211-224
	Keywords	Animals; Dogs/physiology; Female; Male; Space Perception; Spatial Behavior; Visual Perception
	Abstract	Recently, (Collier-Baker E, Davis JM, Suddendorf T (2004) J Comp Psychol 118:421-433) suggested that domestic dogs do not understand invisible displacements. In the present study, we further investigated the hypothesis that the search behavior of domestic dogs in invisible displacements is guided by various visual cues inherent to the task rather than by mental representation of an object's past trajectory. Specifically, we examined the role of the experimenter as a function of the final position of the displacement device in the search behavior of domestic dogs. Visible and invisible displacement problems were administered to dogs (N = 11) under two conditions. In the Visible-experimenter condition, the experimenter was visible whereas in the Concealed-experimenter condition, the experimenter was visibly occluded behind a large rigid barrier. Our data supported the conclusion that dogs do not understand invisible displacements but primarily search as a function of the final position of the displacement device and, to a lesser extent, the position of the experimenter.
	Address	Secteur Sciences Humaines, Universite de Moncton, Campus d'Edmundston, Edmundston, New-Brunswick, E3V 2S8, Canada. sfiset@umce.ca
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:17165041			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2430
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	Author	Benard, J.; Stach, S.; Giurfa, M.
	Title	Categorization of visual stimuli in the honeybee Apis mellifera			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2006	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	9	Issue	4	Pages	257-270
	Keywords	Animals; Bees/physiology; Classification; Cognition/physiology; Discrimination Learning/physiology; Generalization, Stimulus/physiology; Pattern Recognition, Visual/physiology; Photic Stimulation; Transfer (Psychology)/physiology; Visual Perception/physiology
	Abstract	Categorization refers to the classification of perceptual input into defined functional groups. We present and discuss evidence suggesting that stimulus categorization can also be found in an invertebrate, the honeybee Apis mellifera, thus underlining the generality across species of this cognitive process. Honeybees show positive transfer of appropriate responding from a trained to a novel set of visual stimuli. Such a transfer was demonstrated for specific isolated features such as symmetry or orientation, but also for assemblies (layouts) of features. Although transfer from training to novel stimuli can be achieved by stimulus generalization of the training stimuli, most of these transfer tests involved clearly distinguishable stimuli for which generalization would be reduced. Though in most cases specific experimental controls such as stimulus balance and discriminability are still required, it seems appropriate to characterize the performance of honeybees as reflecting categorization. Further experiments should address the issue of which categorization theory accounts better for the visual performances of honeybees.
	Address	Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (UMR 5169), CNRS – Universite Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse cedex 4, France
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16909238			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2446
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