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| Author | BRYSON, JOANNA J. | ||||
| Title | EVIDENCE OF MODULARITY FROM PRIMATE ERRORS DURING TASK LEARNING | Type | Conference Volume | ||
| Year | Publication | MODELING LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND ACTION | Abbreviated Journal | ||
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| Abstract | The last two decades have seen a great deal of theorising and speculation about the modular nature of human intelligence, as well as a rise in use of modular architectures in artificial intelligence. Nevertheless, whether such models of natural intelligence are well supported is still an issue of debate. In this paper, I propose that the most important criteria for modularity is specialised representations. I present a modular model of primate learning of the transitive inference task, and propose an extension to this model which would explain task-learning results in other domains. I also briefly relate this work to both neuroscience and established AI learning architectures. |
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 605 | ||
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| Author | Caldwell, C.A.; Whiten, A. | ||||
| Title | Testing for social learning and imitation in common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, using an artificial fruit | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 77-85 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Association Learning; Callithrix/*psychology; Discrimination Learning; *Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Preferences; Fruit; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Social Behavior; Social Environment | ||||
| Abstract | We tested for social learning and imitation in common marmosets using an artificial foraging task and trained conspecific demonstrators. We trained a demonstrator marmoset to open an artificial fruit, providing a full demonstration of the task to be learned. Another marmoset provided a partial demonstration, controlling for stimulus enhancement effects, by eating food from the outside of the apparatus. We thus compared three observer groups, each consisting of four animals: those that received the full demonstration, those that received the partial demonstration, and a control group that saw no demonstration prior to testing. Although none of the observer marmosets succeeded in opening the artificial fruit during the test periods, there were clear effects of demonstration type. Those that saw the full demonstration manipulated the apparatus more overall, whereas those from the control group manipulated it the least of the three groups. Those from the full-demonstration group also contacted the particular parts of the artificial fruit that they had seen touched (localised stimulus enhancement) to a greater extent than the other two groups. There was also an interaction between the number of hand and mouth touches made to the artificial fruit for the full- and partial-demonstration groups. Whether or not these data represent evidence for imitation is discussed. We also propose that the clear differences between the groups suggest that social learning mechanisms provide real benefits to these animals in terms of developing novel food-processing skills analogous to the one presented here. | ||||
| Address | Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution and Scottish Primate Research Group, University of St Andrews, KY16 9JU, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. C.A.Caldwell@exeter.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:15069606 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | refbase @ user @ | Serial | 735 | ||
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| Author | Wittling, W.; Pflüger, M. | ||||
| Title | Neuroendocrine hemisphere asymmetries: Salivary cortisol secretion during lateralized viewing of emotion-related and neutral films | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1990 | Publication | Brain and Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Brain Cogn. |
| Volume | 14 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 243-265 |
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| Abstract | The study set out to examine whether the cerebral hemispheres differ in their ability to regulate cortisol secretion during emotion-related situations. One hundred twenty-three adult subjects were shown either an emotionally aversive or a neutral film in the left or right hemisphere by means of a technique for lateralizing visual input that allows prolonged viewing while permitting free ocular scanning. The film-related changes of cortisol secretion were determined by salivary cortisol radioimmunoassay. Right hemispheric viewing of the emotionally aversive film resulted in a significantly higher increase of cortisol secretion than left hemispheric viewing of the same film. No such differences were observed with respect to the neutral film. Comparing the effects of the two films separately for each hemisphere revealed that only the right hemisphere was able to respond neuroendocrinologically in a different manner to the emotional and the neutral film. Therefore, it is concluded that cortical regulation of cortisol secretion in emotion-related situations is under primary control of the right hemisphere. The potential implications of asymmetric control of cortisol secretion with respect to the pathogenesis of psychosomatic and immunological disorders are discussed. | ||||
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| ISSN | 0278-2626 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 5350 | ||
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| Author | Bugnyar, T.; Kotrschal, K. | ||||
| Title | Leading a conspecific away from food in ravens ( Corvus corax)? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2004 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 7 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 69-76 |
| Keywords | Misleading – Deception – Raven – Social foraging | ||||
| Abstract | Active misleading of conspecifics has been described as a social strategy mainly for primates. Here we report a raven leading a competitor away from food in a social foraging task. Four individuals had to search and compete for hidden food at color-marked clusters of artificial food caches. At the beginning of the experiment, a subordinate male found and exploited the majority of the food. As a result, the dominant male displaced him from the already opened boxes. The subordinate male then developed a pattern, when the loss of reward to the dominant got high, of moving to unrewarded clusters and opening boxes there. This diversion often led the dominant to approach those unrewarded clusters and the subordinate then had a head start for exploiting the rewarded boxes. Subsequently, however, the dominant male learned not to follow the subordinate to unrewarded clusters and eventually started searching for the reward himself. These interactions between the two males illustrate the ravens' potential for deceptively manipulating conspecifics. We discuss under which circumstances ravens might use this capacity. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Serial | 2080 | |||
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| Author | Huber, L.; Gajdon, G.K. | ||||
| Title | Technical intelligence in animals: the kea model | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 295-305 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Comprehension; *Intelligence; Models, Psychological; Observation; *Parrots; *Problem Solving; Psychological Theory; Social Environment; *Tool Use Behavior | ||||
| Abstract | The ability to act on information flexibly is one of the cornerstones of intelligent behavior. As particularly informative example, tool-oriented behavior has been investigated to determine to which extent nonhuman animals understand means-end relations, object affordances, and have specific motor skills. Even planning with foresight, goal-directed problem solving and immediate causal inference have been a focus of research. However, these cognitive abilities may not be restricted to tool-using animals but may be found also in animals that show high levels of curiosity, object exploration and manipulation, and extractive foraging behavior. The kea, a New Zealand parrot, is a particularly good example. We here review findings from laboratory experiments and field observations of keas revealing surprising cognitive capacities in the physical domain. In an experiment with captive keas, the success rate of individuals that were allowed to observe a trained conspecific was significantly higher than that of naive control subjects due to their acquisition of some functional understanding of the task through observation. In a further experiment using the string-pulling task, a well-probed test for means-end comprehension, we found the keas finding an immediate solution that could not be improved upon in nine further trials. We interpreted their performance as insightful in the sense of being sensitive of the relevant functional properties of the task and thereby producing a new adaptive response without trial-and-error learning. Together, these findings contribute to the ongoing debate on the distribution of higher cognitive skills in the animal kingdom by showing high levels of sensorimotor intelligence in animals that do not use tools. In conclusion, we suggest that the 'Technical intelligence hypothesis' (Byrne, Machiavellian intelligence II: extensions and evaluations, pp 289-211, 1997), which has been proposed to explain the origin of the ape/monkey grade-shift in intelligence by a selection pressure upon an increased efficiency in foraging behavior, should be extended, that is, applied to some birds as well. | ||||
| Address | Department for Behavior, Neurobiology and Cognition, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. ludwig.huber@univie.ac.at | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16909237 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Serial | 2085 | |||
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| Author | Pongrácz, P.; Vida, V.; Bánhegyi, P.; Miklósi, Á. | ||||
| Title | How does dominance rank status affect individual and social learning performance in the dog (Canis familiaris)? | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2008 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 11 | Issue | Pages | 75-82 | |
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| Abstract | Dogs can learn effectively to detour around a V-shaped fence after observing a demonstration from either an unfamiliar human or dog demonstrator. We found earlier that there is substantial individual variation between the dogs' performance, even when using the same experimental conditions. Here, we investigate if the subjects' relative dominance rank with other dogs had an effect on their social learning performance. On the basis of the owners' answers to a questionnaire, subjects from multi-dog homes were sorted into groups of dominant and subordinate dogs. In Experiment 1, dominant and subordinate dogs were tested without demonstration and we did not find any difference between the groups-they had similarly low detour performances on their own. In Experiment 2 and 3, dogs from single dog and multi-dog households were tested in the detour task with demonstration by an unfamiliar dog, or human, respectively. The results showed that social learning performance of the single dogs fell between the dominant and subordinate multi-dogs with both dog and human demonstration. Subordinate dogs displayed significantly better performance after having observed a dog demonstrator in comparison to dominant dogs. In contrast, the performance of dominant and subordinate dogs was almost similar, when they observed a human demonstrator. These results suggest that perceived dominance rank in its own group has a strong effect on social learning in dogs, but this effect seems to depend also on the demonstrator species. This finding reveals an intricate organization of the social structure in multi-dog households, which can contribute to individual differences existing among dogs. | ||||
| Address | Department of Ethology, Eotvos Lorand University, Pazmany Peter setany 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary, peter.celeste.pongracz@gmail.com | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17492317 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2400 | ||
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| Author | Bouchard, J.; Goodyer, W.; Lefebvre, L. | ||||
| Title | Social learning and innovation are positively correlated in pigeons (Columba livia) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 10 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 259-266 |
| Keywords | Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Columbidae/*physiology; *Learning; *Problem Solving | ||||
| Abstract | When animals show both frequent innovation and fast social learning, new behaviours can spread more rapidly through populations and potentially increase rates of natural selection and speciation, as proposed by A.C. Wilson in his behavioural drive hypothesis. Comparative work on primates suggests that more innovative species also show more social learning. In this study, we look at intra-specific variation in innovation and social learning in captive wild-caught pigeons. Performances on an innovative problem-solving task and a social learning task are positively correlated in 42 individuals. The correlation remains significant when the effects of neophobia on the two abilities are removed. Neither sex nor dominance rank are associated with performance on the two tasks. Free-flying flocks of urban pigeons are able to solve the innovative food-finding problem used on captive birds, demonstrating it is within the range of their natural capacities. Taken together with the comparative literature, the positive correlation between innovation and social learning suggests that the two abilities are not traded-off. | ||||
| Address | Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205, Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17205290 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2425 | ||
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| Author | Topál, J.; Byrne, R.W.; Miklósi, Á.; Csányi, V. | ||||
| Title | Reproducing human actions and action sequences: “Do as I Do!” in a dog | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 355-367 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Comprehension; Conditioning, Operant; *Discrimination Learning; Dogs/*psychology; Humans; *Imitative Behavior; Male; *Serial Learning | ||||
| Abstract | We present evidence that a dog (Philip, a 4-year-old tervueren) was able to use different human actions as samples against which to match his own behaviour. First, Philip was trained to repeat nine human-demonstrated actions on command ('Do it!'). When his performance was markedly over chance in response to demonstration by one person, testing with untrained action sequences and other demonstrators showed some ability to generalise his understanding of copying. In a second study, we presented Philip with a sequence of human actions, again using the 'Do as I do' paradigm. All demonstrated actions had basically the same structure: the owner picked up a bottle from one of six places; transferred it to one of the five other places and then commanded the dog ('Do it!'). We found that Philip duplicated the entire sequence of moving a specific object from one particular place to another more often than expected by chance. Although results point to significant limitations in his imitative abilities, it seems that the dog could have recognized the action sequence, on the basis of observation alone, in terms of the initial state, the means, and the goal. This suggests that dogs might acquire abilities by observation that enhance their success in complex socio-behavioural situations. | ||||
| Address | Comparative Ethology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Pazmany, P. 1/c H-1117, Hungary. kea@t-online.hu | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:17024511 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2434 | ||
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| Author | Call, J. | ||||
| Title | Inferences by exclusion in the great apes: the effect of age and species | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 393-403 |
| Keywords | Age Factors; Animals; Association Learning; *Cognition; *Concept Formation; *Discrimination Learning; Female; Gorilla gorilla; Hominidae/classification/*psychology; Male; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; Pongo pygmaeus; *Problem Solving; Species Specificity | ||||
| Abstract | This study investigated the ability of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and bonobos to make inferences by exclusion using the procedure pioneered by Premack and Premack (Cognition 50:347-362, 1994) with chimpanzees. Thirty apes were presented with two different food items (banana vs. grape) on a platform and covered with identical containers. One of the items was removed from the container and placed between the two containers so that subjects could see it. After discarding this item, subjects could select between the two containers. In Experiment 1, apes preferentially selected the container that held the item that the experimenter had not discarded, especially if subjects saw the experimenter remove the item from the container (but without seeing the container empty). Experiment 3 in which the food was removed from one of the containers behind a barrier confirmed these results. In contrast, subjects performed at chance levels when a stimulus (colored plastic chip: Exp. 1; food item: Exp. 2 and Exp. 3) designated the item that had been removed. These results indicated that apes made inferences, not just learned to use a discriminative cue to avoid the empty container. Apes perceived and treated the item discarded by the experimenter as if it were the very one that had been hidden under the container. Results suggested a positive relationship between age and inferential ability independent of memory ability but no species differences. | ||||
| Address | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. call@eva.mpg.de | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16924458 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2444 | ||
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| Author | Watanabe, S.; Huber, L. | ||||
| Title | Animal logics: decisions in the absence of human language | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 9 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 235-245 |
| Keywords | *Animal Communication; Animals; Behavior, Animal/*physiology; Brain/physiology; Cognition/*physiology; Decision Making/*physiology; Evolution; Humans; *Language; *Logic; Problem Solving/physiology | ||||
| Abstract | Without Abstract | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Keio University, Mita 2-15-45, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan. swat@flet.keio.ac.jp | ||||
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| ISSN | 1435-9448 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:16909231 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial | 2453 | ||
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