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	Author	Atwill, E.R.; Mohammed, H.O.; Lopez, J.W.
	Title	Evaluation of travel and use as a risk factor for seropositivity to Ehrlichia risticii in horses of New York state			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1996	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	57	Issue	3	Pages	272-277
	Keywords	Animals; Cross-Sectional Studies; Ehrlichiosis/epidemiology/veterinary; Female; Horse Diseases; Horses; Male; New York/epidemiology; Probability; Random Allocation; Risk Factors; *Travel
	Abstract	OBJECTIVES--To determine whether mean annual frequency and destination of equine travel was associated with exposure to Ehrlichia risticii and whether these associations were modified by horses' place of residence. DESIGN--Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION--511 equine operations containing 2,587 horses were visited in New York state from a target population of 39,000 operations. PROCEDURE--Each horse was tested for serum antibodies against E risticii, using indirect fluorescent antibody. Information on the horse's travel history, farm's management practices, and surrounding ecology was obtained by personal interview and resource maps. Statistical analyses were performed on 2 cohorts of animals: all horses enrolled in the study and horses born on the property or that resided at least 4 years on the farm. Three county-based risk regions (RR) were identified by use of cluster analysis. RESULTS--Mean seroprevalence for each of the 3 RR was 2.4 (low risk), 8.5 (moderate risk), and 18.5% (high risk) for cohort 1 and 2.5, 8.0, and 18.4% for cohort 2. Among cohorts 1 and 2, pleasure riding and breeding trips were associated with exposure to E risticii, but horse residence (low, moderate, or high RR) was an effect modifier for these associations. Among cohort 1 and stratifying the analysis according to the RR for the travel destination, trail riding at low RR and trail riding at high RR were associated with exposure. Among cohort 2 and stratifying the analysis according to the RR for the travel destination, breeding trips were associated with exposure, and strong effect modification was present for horse residence (low, moderate, or high RR). CONCLUSIONS--Only certain types of travel to specific RR were associated with higher risk of exposure to E risticii. In many instances, travel was not associated, or was associated, with a reduced risk of exposure.
	Address	Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:8669754			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2658
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	Author	Endy, T.P.; Nisalak, A.
	Title	Japanese encephalitis virus: ecology and epidemiology			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology	Abbreviated Journal	Curr Top Microbiol Immunol
	Volume	267	Issue		Pages	11-48
	Keywords	Animals; Birds/virology; Climate; Culicidae/virology; Disease Outbreaks/history; Ecosystem; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity; Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology/*etiology/history/transmission; History, 20th Century; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; Japan/epidemiology; Risk Factors; Swine/virology; Thailand/epidemiology; Viral Vaccines/pharmacology
	Abstract
	Address	Department of Virology, United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS), 315/6 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0070-217X	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12082986			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2643
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	Author	Komar, N.
	Title	West Nile virus: epidemiology and ecology in North America			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Advances in Virus Research	Abbreviated Journal	Adv Virus Res
	Volume	61	Issue		Pages	185-234
	Keywords	Animals; Bird Diseases/virology; Birds/virology; Culex/virology; Disease Reservoirs; Ecosystem; Epidemiology, Molecular; Horse Diseases/virology; Horses/virology; Humans; Insect Vectors; North America/epidemiology; Risk Factors; West Nile Fever/*epidemiology/transmission/veterinary; West Nile virus/genetics
	Abstract
	Address	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0065-3527	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:14714433			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2638
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	Author	Thompson, J.A.; Brown, S.E. 2nd; Riddle, W.T.; Seahorn, J.C.; Cohen, N.D.
	Title	Use of a Bayesian risk-mapping technique to estimate spatial risks for mare reproductive loss syndrome in Kentucky			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	American Journal of Veterinary Research	Abbreviated Journal	Am J Vet Res
	Volume	66	Issue	1	Pages	17-20
	Keywords	Abortion, Veterinary/epidemiology; Animals; Bayes Theorem; Female; Geography; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Kentucky/epidemiology; Models, Statistical; Pregnancy; Risk Factors
	Abstract	OBJECTIVE: To estimate spatial risks associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS) during 2001 among horses in a specific study population and partition the herd effects into those attributable to herd location and those that were spatially random and likely attributable to herd management. Animals-Pregnant broodmares from 62 farms in 7 counties in central Kentucky. PROCEDURE: Veterinarians provided the 2001 abortion incidence proportions for each farm included in the study. Farms were georeferenced and data were analyzed by use of a fully Bayesian risk-mapping technique. RESULTS: Large farm-to-farm variation in MRLS incidence proportions was identified. The farm-to-farm variation was largely attributed to spatial location rather than to spatially random herd effects. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that there are considerable data to support an ecologic cause and potential ecologic risk factors for MRLS. Veterinary practitioners with more detailed knowledge of the ecology in the 7 counties in Kentucky that were investigated may provide additional data that would assist in the deduction of the causal factor of MRLS via informal geographic information systems analyses and suggest factors for inclusion in further investigations.
	Address	Department of Large Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA. USA
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0002-9645	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15691030			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2630
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	Author	Jackson, R.R.; Pollard, S.D.; Li, D.; Fijn, N.
	Title	Interpopulation variation in the risk-related decisions of Portia labiata, an araneophagic jumping spider (Araneae, Salticidae), during predatory sequences with spitting spiders			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2002	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	5	Issue	4	Pages	215-223
	Keywords	Animals; Female; Male; Mental Processes; Predatory Behavior; Risk Factors; Spiders
	Abstract	The extent to which decision-making processes are constrained in animals with small brains is poorly understood. Arthropods have brains much smaller and simpler than those of birds and mammals. This raises questions concerning limitations on how intricate the decision-making processes might be in arthropods. At Los Banos in the Philippines, Scytodes pallidus is a spitting spider that specialises in preying on jumping spiders, and Portia labiata is a jumping spider that preys on S. pallidus. Scytodid spit comes from the mouth, and egg-carrying females are less dangerous than eggless scytodids because the female uses her chelicerae to hold her eggs. Held eggs block her mouth, and she has to release them before she can spit. The Los Banos P. labiata sometimes adjusts its tactics depending on whether the scytodid encountered is carrying eggs or not. When pursuing eggless scytodids, the Los Banos P. labiata usually takes detour routes that enable it to close in from behind (away from the scytodid's line of fire). However, when pursuing egg-carrying scytodids, the Los Banos P. labiata sometimes takes faster direct routes to reach these safer prey. The Los Banos P. labiata apparently makes risk-related adjustments specific to whether scytodids are carrying eggs, but P. labiata from Sagada in the Philippines (allopatric to Scytodes) fails to make comparable risk-related adjustments.
	Address	Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12461599			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2591
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	Author	Palleroni, A.; Hauser, M.; Marler, P.
	Title	Do responses of galliform birds vary adaptively with predator size?			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Animal Cognition	Abbreviated Journal	Anim. Cogn.
	Volume	8	Issue	3	Pages	200-210
	Keywords	Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Avoidance Learning; Behavior, Animal; Body Size; Chickens; Female; Food Chain; Male; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Predatory Behavior; *Recognition (Psychology); Risk Assessment
	Abstract	Past studies of galliform anti-predator behavior show that they discriminate between aerial and ground predators, producing distinctive, functionally referential vocalizations to each class. Within the category of aerial predators, however, studies using overhead models, video images and observations of natural encounters with birds of prey report little evidence that galliforms discriminate between different raptor species. This pattern suggests that the aerial alarm response may be triggered by general features of objects moving in the air. To test whether these birds are also sensitive to more detailed differences between raptor species, adult chickens with young were presented with variously sized trained raptors (small, intermediate, large) under controlled conditions. In response to the small hawk, there was a decline in anti-predator aggression and in aerial alarm calling as the young grew older and less vulnerable to attack by a hawk of this size. During the same developmental period, responses to the largest hawk, which posed the smallest threat to the young at all stages, did not change; there were intermediate changes at this time in response to the middle-sized hawk. Thus the anti-predator behavior of the adult birds varied in an adaptive fashion, changing as a function of both chick age and risk. We discuss these results in light of current issues concerning the cognitive mechanisms underlying alarm calling behavior in animals.
	Address	Primate Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA. aliparti@wjh.harvard.edu
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	1435-9448	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15660209			Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2496
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	Author	Dugatkin, L.A.; Godin, G.J.
	Title	Predator inspection, shoaling and foraging under predation hazard in the Trinidadian guppy,Poecilia reticulata			Type	Journal Article
	Year	1992	Publication	Environmental Biology of Fishes	Abbreviated Journal
	Volume	34	Issue	3	Pages	265-276
	Keywords	Antipredation – Social group – Feeding – Predation risk – Trade-off – Fish
	Abstract	Guppies,Poecilia reticulata, living in stream pools in Trinidad, West Indies, approached a potential fish predator (a cichlid fish model) in a tentative, saltatory manner, mainly as singletons or in pairs. Such behavior is referred to as predator inspection behavior. Inspectors approached the trunk and tail of the predator model more frequently, more closely and in larger groups than they approached the predator's head, which is presumably the most dangerous area around the predator. However, guppies were not observed in significantly larger shoals in the stream when the predator model was present. In a stream enclosure, guppies inspected the predator model more frequently when it was stationary compared to when it was moving, and made closer inspections to the posterior regions of the predator than to its head. Therefore, the guppies apparently regarded the predator model as a potential threat and modified their behavior accordingly when inspecting it. Guppies exhibited a lower feeding rate in the presence of the predator, suggesting a trade-off between foraging gains and safety against predation. Our results further suggest that predator inspection behavior may account for some of this reduction in foraging. These findings are discussed in the context of the benefits and costs of predator inspection behavior.
	Address
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN		ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	Equine Behaviour @ team @			Serial	2176
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	Author	Bachmann, I.; Audige, L.; Stauffacher, M.
	Title	Risk factors associated with behavioural disorders of crib-biting, weaving and box-walking in Swiss horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2003	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	35	Issue	2	Pages	158-163
	Keywords	Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Data Collection; Female; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control; Horses; Housing, Animal; Male; Mental Disorders/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/veterinary; Prevalence; Regression Analysis; Risk Factors; Stereotyped Behavior; Switzerland/epidemiology
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Studies on the prevalence of behavioural disorders in horses and on associated risk factors have revealed inconsistent results. There are many studies on the neuropharmacological, surgical or mechanical therapy of stereotypies, but little is known about their causation. OBJECTIVES: To explore risk factors associated with the occurrence of behavioural disorders in horses. METHODS: A sample of horse owners, selected randomly and representative for Switzerland, was contacted in a postal survey. Answers were provided for 622 stables (response rate 35.2%). Individual data of 2,341 horses were examined with path analysis (multivariable linear and logistic regression), and adjustment made for possible confounding effects due to age and breed. RESULTS: Out of 60 possible risk factors, 11 were associated with the outcome at the univariable level (null-hypothesis path model) and 3 factors remained after the backward logistic regression procedure. Mature Warmbloods and Thoroughbreds, assessed by the owners to be reactive, fed 4 times a day and without daily pasture, had increased odds of displaying crib-biting, weaving and box-walking. Furthermore, indirect associations of 5 factors with the outcome were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The final logistic regression model of risk factors leads to the hypotheses that causal prevention of stereotypic behaviours should be based upon housing and management conditions which allow tactile contact with other horses (e.g. mutual grooming), daily free movement (paddock or pasture), as well as the provision of high amounts of roughage but of little or no concentrates. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It is one of the aims of population medicine to prevent the development of behavioural disorders. Further research is needed to test the concluding hypotheses in experimental studies or to verify them in the context of similar observational studies.
	Address	Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), LFW B55. 1, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:12638792			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1907
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	Author	Pinchbeck, G.L.; Clegg, P.D.; Proudman, C.J.; Morgan, K.L.; French, N.P.
	Title	A prospective cohort study to investigate risk factors for horse falls in UK hurdle and steeplechase racing			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2004	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	36	Issue	7	Pages	595-601
	Keywords	Accidental Falls/mortality/statistics & numerical data; Age Factors; Animal Welfare; Animals; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/etiology/mortality/veterinary; Cohort Studies; Great Britain; Horses/*injuries; Logistic Models; Odds Ratio; Prospective Studies; Questionnaires; Rain; Risk Factors; Safety; Sports
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Equine fatalities during racing continue to be a major welfare concern and falls at fences are responsible for a proportion of all equine fatalities recorded on racecourses. OBJECTIVES: To identify and quantify risk factors for horse falls in National Hunt (NH) racing and to report the frequency of falling and falling-associated fatalities. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 2879 horse starts in hurdle and steeplechase races on 6 UK racecourses. Any horse that suffered a fall at a steeplechase or hurdle fence during the race was defined as a case. Data were obtained by interview and observations in the parade ring and from commercial databases. Multivariable logistic regression models, allowing for clustering at the level of the track, were used to identify the relationship between variables and the risk of falling. RESULTS: There were 124 falling cases (32 in hurdling and 92 in steeplechasing) identified. The injury risk of fallers was 8.9% and fatality risk 6.5%. Duration of journey to the racecourse, behaviour in the parade ring and weather at the time of the race were associated with falling in both hurdle and steeplechase racing. Age, amount of rainfall and going were also associated with falling in steeplechase racing. CONCLUSIONS: Falls at fences are significant contributors to equine fatalities during NH racing. Potentially modifiable risk factors identified were the condition of track surfaces and journey time to the racecourse. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: It is hoped that information from this study may be used in future interventions to improve horse and jockey safety in racing. The study has also identified areas requiring further research, such as equine behaviour and its effect on racing performance, and the effect of light conditions on jumping ability.
	Address	Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:15581324			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1898
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	Author	Husted, L.; Andersen, M.S.; Borggaard, O.K.; Houe, H.; Olsen, S.N.
	Title	Risk factors for faecal sand excretion in Icelandic horses			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2005	Publication	Equine Veterinary Journal	Abbreviated Journal	Equine Vet J
	Volume	37	Issue	4	Pages	351-355
	Keywords	Animal Feed; Animal Husbandry/methods; Animals; Denmark; Feces/chemistry; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control/veterinary; Horse Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control; Horses/metabolism; Logistic Models; Male; Pilot Projects; Poaceae/growth & development; Risk Factors; Silicon Dioxide/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis; Soil/*analysis
	Abstract	REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Sandy soil is often mentioned as a risk factor in the development of sand-related gastrointestinal disease (SGID) in the horse. There are other variables, but few studies confirm any of these. OBJECTIVE: To investigate soil type, pasture quality, feeding practice in the paddock, age, sex and body condition score as risk factors for sand intake in the horse. METHODS: Faeces were collected from 211 Icelandic horses on 19 different studs in Denmark together with soil samples and other potential risk factors. Sand content in faeces determined by a sand sedimentation test was interpreted as evidence of sand intake. Soil types were identified by soil analysis and significance of the data was tested using logistic analysis. RESULTS: Of horses included in the study, 56.4% showed sand in the faeces and 5.7% had more than 5 mm sand as quantified by the rectal sleeve sedimentation test. Soil type had no significant effect when tested as main effect, but there was interaction between soil type and pasture quality. Significant interactions were also found between paddock feeding practice and pasture quality. CONCLUSION: To evaluate the risk of sand intake it is important to consider 3 variables: soil type, pasture quality and feeding practice. Pasture quality was identified as a risk factor of both short and long grass in combination with sandy soil, while clay soil had the lowest risk in these combinations. Feeding practice in the paddock revealed feeding directly on the ground to be a risk factor when there was short (1-5 cm) or no grass. Also, no feeding outdoors increased the risk on pastures with short grass, while this had no effect in paddocks with no grass. More than 50% of all horses investigated in this study had sand in the faeces. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The identification of risk factors is an important step towards prevention of SGID. Further research is necessary to determine why some horses exhibit more than 5 mm sand in the sedimentation test and whether this is correlated with geophagic behaviour.
	Address	Department of Large Animal Sciences, The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Dyrlaegevej 88, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
	Corporate Author				Thesis
	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language	English	Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0425-1644	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes	PMID:16028626			Approved	no
	Call Number				Serial	1888
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