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| Author | Bates, L.A.; Byrne, R.W. | ||||
| Title | Creative or created: Using anecdotes to investigate animal cognition | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2007 | Publication | Methods | Abbreviated Journal | Methods |
| Volume | 42 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 12-21 |
| Keywords | Anecdote; Creativity; Intelligence; Deception; Innovation; African elephant | ||||
| Abstract | In non-human animals, creative behaviour occurs spontaneously only at low frequencies, so is typically missed by standardised observational methods. Experimental approaches have tended to rely overly on paradigms from child development or adult human cognition, which may be inappropriate for species that inhabit very different perceptual worlds and possess quite different motor capacities than humans. The analysis of anecdotes offers a solution to this impasse, provided certain conditions are met. To be reliable, anecdotes must be recorded immediately after observation, and only the records of scientists experienced with the species and the individuals concerned should be used. Even then, interpretation of a single record is always ambiguous, and analysis is feasible only when collation of multiple records shows that a behaviour pattern occurs repeatedly under similar circumstances. This approach has been used successfully to study a number of creative capacities of animals: the distribution, nature and neural correlates of deception across the primate order; the occurrence of teaching in animals; and the neural correlates of several aptitudes--in birds, foraging innovation, and in primates, innovation, social learning and tool-use. Drawing on these approaches, we describe the use of this method to investigate a new problem, the cognition of the African elephant, a species whose sheer size and evolutionary distance from humans renders the conventional methods of comparative psychology of little use. The aim is both to chart the creative cognitive capacities of this species, and to devise appropriate experimental methods to confirm and extend previous findings. | ||||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1046-2023 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | also special issue: Neurocognitive Mechanisms of Creativity: A Toolkit | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial  |
6185 | ||
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| Author | Klingel, H. | ||||
| Title | Observations on social organization and behaviour of African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1998 | Publication | Applied Animal Behaviour Science | Abbreviated Journal | Appl Anim Behav Sci |
| Volume | 60 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 103-113 |
| Keywords | Equus africanus Equus hemionus Territoriality | ||||
| Abstract | 1This paper appears with kind permission of Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. It was originally published in Z. Tierpsychol., 44, 323-331 (1977), ISSN 0044-3573/ASTM-Coden: ZETIAG.1 Abstract African and Asiatic Wild Asses (Equus africanus and Equus hemionus) live in unstable groups or herds of variable composition. Some of the adult stallions are territorial in large territories in which they tolerate other ♂♂. The territorial ♂♂ are dominant over all their conspecifics |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0168-1591 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
6173 | ||
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| Author | Clark, M.L.; Ayers, M. | ||||
| Title | Friendship similarity during early adolescence: gender and racial patterns | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1992 | Publication | The Journal of Psychology | Abbreviated Journal | J Psychol |
| Volume | 126 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 393-405 |
| Keywords | Achievement; Adolescent; African Americans/*psychology; *Cross-Cultural Comparison; Female; *Gender Identity; Humans; Individuality; *Interpersonal Relations; Male; *Personality Development; Personality Inventory; Sociometric Techniques | ||||
| Abstract | We studied the relationship of reciprocity, gender, and racial composition (Caucasian, African American, cross-race) of adolescent friendship dyads to similarity and proximity in 136 young adolescents. We found that adolescents selected friends who were of the same gender and race and that female dyads were more similar than male dyads on verbal achievement and several personality dimensions. Caucasian dyads were more similar than African American dyads on verbal achievement, mental alertness, and dominance. African American adolescents had more contact with their best friends outside school, whereas Caucasian adolescent friends had more in-school contact. African American students had fewer reciprocal relationships than the Caucasian students. Cross-race friendships were less reciprocal than same-race friendships. Race and gender were important in determining friendship patterns. Similarity and proximity were more important than reciprocity in understanding early adolescent friendships. | ||||
| Address | Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0022-3980 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:1403972 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
5628 | ||
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| Author | Giret, N.; Miklósi, Á.; Kreutzer, M.; Bovet, D. | ||||
| Title | Use of experimenter-given cues by African gray parrots ( Psittacus erithacus ) | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2009 | Publication | Animal Cognition | Abbreviated Journal | Anim. Cogn. |
| Volume | 12 | Issue | 1 | Pages | 1-10 |
| Keywords | African gray parrots (Psittacus erithacus) – Gaze – Heterospecific communication – Object-choice – Pointing – Referential signals | ||||
| Abstract | Abstract: One advantage of living in a social group is the opportunity to use information provided by other individuals. Social information can be based on cues provided by a conspecific or even by a heterospecific individual (e.g., gaze direction, vocalizations, pointing gestures). Although the use of human gaze and gestures has been extensively studied in primates, and is increasingly studied in other mammals, there is no documentation of birds using these cues in a cooperative context. In this study, we tested the ability of three African gray parrots to use different human cues (pointing and/or gazing) in an object-choice task. We found that one subject spontaneously used the most salient pointing gesture (looking and steady pointing with hand at about 20 cm from the baited box). The two others were also able to use this cue after 15 trials. None of the parrots spontaneously used the steady gaze cues (combined head and eye orientation), but one learned to do so effectively after only 15 trials when the distance between the head and the baited box was about 1 m. However, none of the parrots were able to use the momentary pointing nor the distal pointing and gazing cues. These results are discussed in terms of sensitivity to joint attention as a prerequisite to understand pointing gestures as it is to the referential use of labels. | ||||
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| Notes | Approved | no | |||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
4748 | ||
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| Author | Vidya, T.N.C.; Sukumar, R. | ||||
| Title | Social and reproductive behaviour in elephants | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Current Science (Bangalore) | Abbreviated Journal | Curr Sci |
| Volume | 89 | Issue | 7 | Pages | 1200-1207 |
| Keywords | Acoustic communication; dispersal; Elephas maximus; Loxodonta africana; musth; social organization | ||||
| Abstract | We present a review of studies on elephant social and reproductive behaviour. While the social organization of the African savannah elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) has been intensively studied,that of the African forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) are poorly understood. Noninvasive molecular methods are useful in combination with behavioural data in understanding social organization and dispersal strategies. The ecological determinants of social organization, and the importance of matriarchal leadership to social groups, and relative importance of different forms of communication under various ecological conditions remain interesting topics that await investigation. Reproductive behaviour also has been examined in detail only in the African savannah elephant, although rigorous chemical analyses continue to be carried out using captive elephants of both species. Improved laboratory techniques may enable future work on reproductive signalling in free-ranging elephants, allowing for comprehensive studies of male-male interactions and mate choice by females. | ||||
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| Notes | Copyright for this article belongs to Indian Academy of Sciences. | Approved | yes | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
4703 | ||
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| Author | Smith, D.G.; Pearson, R.A. | ||||
| Title | A review of the factors affecting the survival of donkeys in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2005 | Publication | Tropical Animal Health and Production | Abbreviated Journal | Trop Anim Health Prod |
| Volume | 37 Suppl 1 | Issue | Pages | 1-19 | |
| Keywords | Africa South of the Sahara; Animal Nutrition Physiology; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Equidae/growth & development/*physiology; Socioeconomic Factors | ||||
| Abstract | The large fluctuations seen in cattle populations during periods of drought in sub-Saharan Africa are not evident in the donkey population. Donkeys appear to have a survival advantage over cattle that is increasingly recognized by smallholder farmers in their selection of working animals. The donkey's survival advantages arise from both socioeconomic and biological factors. Socioeconomic factors include the maintenance of a low sustainable population of donkeys owing to their single-purpose role and their low social status. Also, because donkeys are not usually used as a meat animal and can provide a regular income as a working animal, they are not slaughtered in response to drought, as are cattle. Donkeys have a range of physiological and behavioural adaptations that individually provide small survival advantages over cattle but collectively may make a large difference to whether or not they survive drought. Donkeys have lower maintenance costs as a result of their size and spend less energy while foraging for food; lower energy costs result in a lower dry matter intake (DMI) requirement. In donkeys, low-quality diets are digested almost as efficiently as in ruminants and, because of a highly selective feeding strategy, the quality of diet obtained by donkeys in a given pasture is higher than that obtained by cattle. Lower energy costs of walking, longer foraging times per day and ability to tolerate thirst may allow donkeys to access more remote, under-utilized sources of forage that are inaccessible to cattle on rangeland. As donkeys become a more popular choice of working animal for farmers, specific management practices need to be devised that allow donkeys to fully maximize their natural survival advantages. | ||||
| Address | Department of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Scotland, UK. d.g.smith@abdn.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0049-4747 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16335068 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
4231 | ||
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| Author | Thornton, A.; McAuliffe, K. | ||||
| Title | Teaching in wild meerkats | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 2006 | Publication | Science (New York, N.Y.) | Abbreviated Journal | Science |
| Volume | 313 | Issue | 5784 | Pages | 227-229 |
| Keywords | Animals; *Animals, Wild/psychology; Behavior, Animal; *Herpestidae/psychology; *Learning; *Predatory Behavior; South Africa; *Teaching; Vocalization, Animal | ||||
| Abstract | Despite the obvious benefits of directed mechanisms that facilitate the efficient transfer of skills, there is little critical evidence for teaching in nonhuman animals. Using observational and experimental data, we show that wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta) teach pups prey-handling skills by providing them with opportunities to interact with live prey. In response to changing pup begging calls, helpers alter their prey-provisioning methods as pups grow older, thus accelerating learning without the use of complex cognition. The lack of evidence for teaching in species other than humans may reflect problems in producing unequivocal support for the occurrence of teaching, rather than the absence of teaching. | ||||
| Address | Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. jant2@cam.ac.uk | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1095-9203 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:16840701 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
2834 | ||
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| Author | Nelson, G.S. | ||||
| Title | Onchocerciasis | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1970 | Publication | Advances in Parasitology | Abbreviated Journal | Adv Parasitol |
| Volume | 8 | Issue | Pages | 173-224 | |
| Keywords | Africa; Animals; Anthelmintics/therapeutic use; Artiodactyla; Blindness/etiology; Cattle; Circadian Rhythm; Ddt; Diethylcarbamazine/therapeutic use; Diptera/anatomy & histology/growth & development; Dwarfism/etiology; Ecology; Eye/pathology; Feeding Behavior; Female; Geography; Haplorhini; Hernia, Femoral/etiology; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors/growth & development; Larva/growth & development; Male; Onchocerca/classification/growth & development; *Onchocerciasis/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology/pathology/prevention & control/veterinary; Primates; Serologic Tests; Skin/pathology; Skin Tests; Suramin/therapeutic use | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0065-308X | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:4997515 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
2738 | ||
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| Author | Pitchford, R.J.; Visser, P.S.; du Toit, J.F.; de Pienaar, U.V.; Young, E. | ||||
| Title | Observations on the ecology of Schistosoma mattheei Veglia & Le Roux, 1929, in portion of the Kruger National Park and surrounding area using a new quantitative technique for egg output | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1973 | Publication | Journal of the South African Veterinary Association | Abbreviated Journal | J S Afr Vet Assoc |
| Volume | 44 | Issue | 4 | Pages | 405-420 |
| Keywords | Animals; Artiodactyla; Buffaloes; Cattle; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology; Dog Diseases/epidemiology; Dogs; Feces; Goats; Haplorhini; Horse Diseases/epidemiology; Horses; Humans; Methods; Monkey Diseases/epidemiology; Papio; Parasite Egg Count; Schistosomiasis/epidemiology/*veterinary; Sheep; Sheep Diseases/epidemiology; South Africa; Swine; Swine Diseases/epidemiology | ||||
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| Language | English | Summary Language | Original Title | ||
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 1019-9128 | ISBN | Medium | ||
| Area | Expedition | Conference | |||
| Notes | PMID:4212207 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
2711 | ||
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| Author | Bourdin, P.; Laurent, A. | ||||
| Title | [Ecology of African horsesickness] | Type | Journal Article | ||
| Year | 1974 | Publication | Revue d'Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux | Abbreviated Journal | Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop |
| Volume | 27 | Issue | 2 | Pages | 163-168 |
| Keywords | African Horse Sickness/*epidemiology/transmission; Animals; Disease Reservoirs/veterinary; Horses; Humans; Insect Vectors | ||||
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| Language | French | Summary Language | Original Title | Note sur l'ecologie de la peste equine africaine | |
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| Series Volume | Series Issue | Edition | |||
| ISSN | 0035-1865 | ISBN | Medium | ||
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| Notes | PMID:4619907 | Approved | no | ||
| Call Number | Equine Behaviour @ team @ | Serial |
2710 | ||
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