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Author |
Dubois, C.; Manfredi, E.; Ricard, A. |
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Title |
Optimization of breeding schemes for sport horses |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
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Livestock Science |
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118 |
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1-2 |
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99-112 |
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Breeding scheme; Horse; Jumping; Optimization; Genetic trend, Multistage selection |
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A selection scheme for jumping sport horses is modelled with four stages of selection for males and one stage for females. The selection objective included three traits: conformation and gaits (CG, weighted 20%), competition jumping (CJ, weighted 60%) and a third trait (TT, weighted 20%) such as sperm quality or orthopaedic status. The first selection stage is based on knowledge of the pedigree with the aim of selecting horses suitable for CG test (at 3Â years old) and CJ test (at 5Â years old). The second stage includes the horse's own performance with respect to CG and CJ with the aim of selecting horses suitable for the TT test. The third stage is the selection of a limited number of males who are allowed to reproduce. The fourth stage (at 12Â years old) takes into account the results of the horse's progeny. Females are selected in one step, whatever the number of performances measured at 5Â years old. The annual genetic response was 9.4% genetic standard deviation of the objective, 2.6% for CG, 9.0% for CJ and 1.5% for TT. Results showed that selection by progeny testing did not contribute much to genetic response (12% of progeny issued from proven sires), the female pathway represented 26% of genetic response, TT was difficult to improve when the genetic correlation was unfavourable (-Â 0.6% genetic standard deviation for -Â 0.20 genetic correlation), and should consequently be directed towards the use of molecular markers. When compared with a selection scheme involving a station test, genetic response was the same if the breeding values used for selection before entering the station test took into account the results of the relatives for CJ and CG. This revealed the importance of an extensive performance test (like for competition performance) when designing breeding schemes for sport horses. |
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1871-1413 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4759 |
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Val-Laillet, D.; Passille, A.M. de; Rushen, J.; von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. |
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The concept of social dominance and the social distribution of feeding-related displacements between cows |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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111 |
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1-2 |
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158-172 |
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Cattle; Social dominance; Competitive success; Hierarchy; Feeding competition |
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The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the classical properties of social dominance describe the pattern of feeder-related displacements with groups of cattle. We also compared the advantages and disadvantages of three dominance indices for describing the competitive success at the feeder. We observed displacements at the feeder within six groups of 12 lactating dairy cows over 72 h per group. We demonstrated that the cattle in our experiment established a quasi-linear hierarchy at the feeder where many dominance relationships were bi-directional (52.0 +/- 5.9%); namely, dominance relationships were significantly linear (P < 0.05 in five of the six groups) but contained many circular triads (45.0 +/- 5.6%). Dominance rank influenced the milk production (r = 0.36, P = 0.002) and the time budget of the animals: high-ranking cows were found spending more time at the feeder during the 120 min following provision of fresh food than low-ranking cows (P = 0.022), but dominance indices based on the occurrence of displacements at the feeder did not correlate with actual time spent at the feeder. The presence of numerous circular triads and bi-directional relationships suggests that the classical properties of social dominance do not correspond to the pattern of displacements that occur at feeders within small groups of cattle. Instead, the competitive success may also be affected by motivation or persistence by the animal to gain access to the food resource. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4213 |
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Ferkin, M.; Combs, A.; delBarco-Trillo, J.; Pierce, A.; Franklin, S. |
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Meadow voles, Microtus pennsylvanicus , have the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event |
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2008 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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11 |
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1 |
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147-159 |
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Recollection for what, when, and where – Voles – Reproductive state – Postpartum estrus |
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Abstract Some non-human animals may possess the ability to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event. We tested the hypothesis that male meadow voles posses the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event associated with mate selection in two experiments. Briefly, male voles were allowed to explore an apparatus that contained two chambers. One chamber contained a day-20 pregnant female (24 h prepartum). The other chamber contained a sexually mature female that was neither pregnant nor lactating (REF female). Twenty-four hour after the exposure, the males were placed in the same apparatus, which was empty and clean. At this time, the pregnant female would have entered postpartum estrus (PPE), a period of heightened sexual receptivity. Males initially chose and spent significantly more time investigating the chamber that originally housed the pregnant female (now a PPE female) than the chamber that originally housed the REF female. Male voles also explored an apparatus containing a chamber with a PPE female and one chamber containing a REF female. Twenty-four hour later, males were placed into an empty and clean apparatus. The males did not display an initial choice and they spent similar amounts of time investigating the chamber that originally housed the PPE female (now a lactating female) and the chamber that originally housed the REF female. The results of these and additional experiments suggest that male voles may have the capacity to recall the “what”, “where”, and “when” of a single past event, which may allow males to remember the location of females who would currently be in heightened states of sexual receptivity. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4215 |
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Prato-Previde, E.; Marshall-Pescini, S.; Valsecchi, P. |
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Title |
Is your choice my choice` The owners effect on pet dogs? ( Canis lupus familiaris ) performance in a food choice task |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2008 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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11 |
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1 |
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167-174 |
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Dog – Dog-owner relationship – Food choice task – Quantity discrimination |
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Abstract This study investigates the influence of owners on their dogs performance in a food choice task using either different or equal quantities of food. Fifty-four pet dogs were tested in three different conditions. In Condition 1 we evaluated their ability to choose between a large and small amount of food (quantity discrimination task). In Condition 2 dogs were again presented with a choice between the large and small food quantity, but only after having witnessed their owner favouring the small quantity. In Condition 3 dogs were given a choice between two equally small quantities of food having witnessed their owner favouring either one or the other. A strong effect of the owner on the dogs`` performance was observed. In Condition 1 dogs as a group chose significantly more often the large food quantity, thus showing their ability to solve the quantity discrimination task. After observing their owner expressing a preference for the small food quantity they chose the large quantity of food significantly less than in the independent choice situation. The tendency to conform to the owner`s choice was higher when the dogs had to choose between equally small quantities of food (Condition 3) rather than between a large and a small one (Condition 2). These results provide evidence that dogs can be influenced by their owners even when their indications are clearly in contrast with direct perceptual information, thus leading dogs to ultimately make counterproductive choices. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4216 |
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Sovrano, V.; Bisazza, A. |
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Title |
Recognition of partly occluded objects by fish |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
Publication |
Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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11 |
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1 |
Pages |
1435-9448 |
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Visual completion – Amodal completion – Occlusion – Visual recognition – Fish |
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Abstract The ability to visually complete partly occluded objects (so-called `“amodal completion”) has been documented in mammals and birds. Here, we report the first evidence of such a perceptual ability in a fish species. Fish (Xenotoca eiseni) were trained to discriminate between a complete and an amputated disk. Thereafter, the fish performed test trials in which hexagonal polygons were either exactly juxtaposed or only placed close to the missing sectors of the disk in order to produce or not produce the impression (to a human observer) of an occlusion of the missing sectors of the disk by the polygon. In another experiment, fish were first trained to discriminate between hexagonal polygons that were either exactly juxtaposed or only placed close to the missing sectors of a disk, and then tested for choice between a complete and an amputated disk. In both experiments, fish behaved as if they were experiencing visual completion of the partly occluded stimuli. These findings suggest that the ability to visually complete partly occluded objects may be widespread among vertebrates, possibly inherited in mammals, birds and fish from early vertebrate ancestors. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4217 |
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Bräuer, J.; Call, J.; Tomasello, M. |
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Chimpanzees do not take into account what others can hear in a competitive situation |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Animal Cognition |
Abbreviated Journal |
Anim. Cogn. |
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11 |
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1 |
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1435-9448 |
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Social cognition – Food competition – Perspective taking |
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Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) know what others can and cannot see in a competitive situation. Does this reflect a general understanding the perceptions of others` In a study by Hare et al. (2000) pairs of chimpanzees competed over two pieces of food. Subordinate individuals preferred to approach food that was behind a barrier that the dominant could not see, suggesting that chimpanzees can take the visual perspective of others. We extended this paradigm to the auditory modality to investigate whether chimpanzees are sensitive to whether a competitor can hear food rewards being hidden. Results suggested that the chimpanzees did not take what the competitor had heard into account, despite being able to locate the hiding place themselves by the noise. |
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Admin @ knut @ |
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4218 |
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Uher, J.; Asendorpf, J.B.; Call, J. |
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Personality in the behaviour of great apes: temporal stability, cross-situational consistency and coherence in response |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Animal Behaviour. |
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Anim. Behav. |
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75 |
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1 |
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99-112 |
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behaviour prediction; bonobo; bottom-up approach; chimpanzee; gorilla; individual differences; orang-utan; personality; traits |
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Using a multidisciplinary approach, the present study complements ethological behaviour measurements with basic theoretical concepts, methods and approaches of the personality psychological trait paradigm. Its adoptability and usefulness for animal studies are tested exemplarily on a sample of 20 zoo-housed great apes (five of each of the following species): bonobos, Pan paniscus; chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus; gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla; and orang-utans, Pongo pygmaeus abelii. Data on 76 single trait-relevant behaviours were recorded in a series of 14 laboratory-based situations and in two different group situations. Data collection was repeated completely after a break of 2 weeks within a 60-day period. All behaviour records were sufficiently reliable. Individual- and variable-oriented analyses showed high/substantial temporal stability on different levels of aggregation. Distinctive and stable individual situational and response profiles clarified the importance of situations and of multiple trait-relevant behaviours. The present study calls for a closer collaboration between behavioural biologists and personality psychologists to tap the full potential of animal personality research. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4278 |
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Lloyd, A.S.; Martin, J.E.; Bornett-Gauci, H.L.I.; Wilkinson, R.G. |
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Horse personality: Variation between breeds |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Applied Animal Behaviour Science |
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Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. |
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112 |
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3-4 |
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369-383 |
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Horse personality; Breed; Assessment; Questionnaire survey; Animal |
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Anecdotal evidence from horse owners and handlers suggests the existence of breed typical behaviour and personality in horses. This is further supported by current research on heritability of personality characteristics in a range of species. The Horse Personality Questionnaire (HPQ) is a 25-item rating method that has previously been shown to be reliable for the assessment of personality in horses. Principal component analysis on HPQ data has identified six underlying personality components in horses. These are Dominance, Anxiousness, Excitability, Protection, Sociability and Inquisitiveness. Using the HPQ a survey of 1223 horses of eight different breeds was completed. Data were analysed to explore any differences in personality between breeds across the six personality components. Breed differences in personality were identified, and it was noted that variability between breeds varied between personality components. Anxiousness and Excitability showed the most variation between breeds, whilst Dominance and Protection showed the least variance. The results identified breed typical personalities that were comparable to results from previous studies as well as anecdotal evidence provided by the popular equine literature. The results are discussed in terms of the potential selection pressures that may have resulted in these differences. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4279 |
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Bartosova, J.; Dvorakova, R.; Vancatova, M.; Svobodova, I. |
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Comprehension of human pointing gesture in domestic horses: Effect of training method |
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2008 |
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IESM 2008 |
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Human-horse communication, Pointing, Training methods, Horsemanship |
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Horses have been considered to rely on human gesticular cues (McKinley and Sambrook 2000, Anim Cogn 3:13-22; and recently Maros et al. 2008, Anim Cogn 11:457-466), however large variability among individuals tested in two-ways object choice tasks was found. Part of the horses in those studies (40 and 26 %, respectively) even failed to pass adequately through the training session which preceded the testing phase and served to learn a horse to carry out a task. Therefore, we alternated the experimental design designed by McKinley and Sambrook (reduced number of testing trials to 10 per horse to keep its attention, applied just one, a dynamic-sustained pointing cue with touching the bucket, etc.), and tested an effect of training method, sex, age, and learning on proportion of correct choices. We hypothesised, that horses trained by “traditional” method (TTM) will get lower score than those experienced with “horsemanship-based” methods (HTM), being characterized by closer and more frequent human-horse contact and also extended exercising “from the ground” with frequent using of arms cues. Despite simplification of the methods, only about 60 % of tested horses passed through the training phase (i.e., learned to come to and upturn the bucket with hidden treat). Successful completion of training phase was reached regardless of age or sex of a horse, but by the training method; HTM horses ran better compared to TTM ones. No significant effect of age, sex, or learning (i.e., trial order within all 10), and training method as well was found on proportion of correct trials in the testing phase. Horses made a correct choice in more than 70% of trials. Individual scores ranged from 50 to 100 %. In conclusion, horses showed high level of comprehension of human pointing gesture, regardless of their sex or age. No effects of training method or learning process within a test suggest low impact of handling and learning on the level of comprehension at least of the most vivid human pointing gesture. Horses trained by methods based on “natural human-horse communication” did enhance cooperation with people. |
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Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Pratelstvi 815, CZ-104 00 Praha Uhrineves, Czech Republic |
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Bartosova, J. |
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IESM 2008 |
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Talk 15 min IESM 2008 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4464 |
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Aerts, J.-M.; Gebruers, F.; Van Camp, E.; Berckmans, D. |
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Controlling horse heart rate as a basis for training improvement |
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2008 |
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Computers and Electronics in Agriculture |
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64 |
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1 |
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78-84 |
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Heart rate; Horse; Model predictive control; Transfer function model |
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Equine training methods, and consequently, performance times have improved little since the last decades. With advances in measuring signals on-line by means of several new technologies and analytical procedures, and processing these signals immediately with strong and compact processors, it may be possible to develop new training methods. In this research, the objective was to explore the possibilities of using modern model-based algorithms to control the heart rate of horses (bpm) on-line by means of the control input running speed (km/h). Forty-five experiments with five horses and four riders were carried out to generate measurements of physiological status during running. The dynamical characteristics of each horse were quantified using linear discrete transfer function models. The dynamic response of heart rate to step changes in running speed were accurately described. In 90% of the cases, a first-order model gave the best fit. For 69% of the models, the r2 was higher than 0.90 and for 34% of the models, the r2 was even higher than 0.95. In a next step, the model-based algorithm was evaluated by controlling cardiac responses of two horses (horses 2 and 4) to a pre-defined trajectory. The model parameters were kept constant. On average, the error between the defined target trajectory in heart rate and the actual controlled heart rate ranged between 0.2 and 1.4 bpm for the whole target heart rate trajectory. During the steady-state part of the trajectory the average error was maximum 1.1 bpm. In the transient from one steady-state heart rate to another level, the error could increase on average up to 5 bpm. In the future, the combination of on-line measured bioresponses with real-time analysis can be used for adjusting the work load of the horse, during training, directly to the immediate needs of horse (welfare) and trainer (performance). |
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Division Measure, Model and Manage Bioresponses (M3-BIORES), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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4555 |
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