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Author |
Birch, H.G. |
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Title |
The relation of previous experience to insightful problem-solving |
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1945 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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J Comp Psychol |
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38 |
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367-383 |
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Humans; *Problem Solving; *Psychology, Comparative; *PSYCHOLOGY/comparative |
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English |
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0021-9940 |
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PMID:21010765 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6554 |
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Author |
Griffin, A.S.; Guez, D. |
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Title |
Innovation and problem solving: A review of common mechanisms |
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2014 |
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Behavioural Processes |
Abbreviated Journal |
Behav. Process. |
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109 |
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121-134 |
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Behavioural flexibility; Cognition; Innovation; Problem solving |
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Behavioural innovations have become central to our thinking about how animals adjust to changing environments. It is now well established that animals vary in their ability to innovate, but understanding why remains a challenge. This is because innovations are rare, so studying innovation requires alternative experimental assays that create opportunities for animals to express their ability to invent new behaviours, or use pre-existing ones in new contexts. Problem solving of extractive foraging tasks has been put forward as a suitable experimental assay. We review the rapidly expanding literature on problem solving of extractive foraging tasks in order to better understand to what extent the processes underpinning problem solving, and the factors influencing problem solving, are in line with those predicted, and found, to underpin and influence innovation in the wild. Our aim is to determine whether problem solving can be used as an experimental proxy of innovation. We find that in most respects, problem solving is determined by the same underpinning mechanisms, and is influenced by the same factors, as those predicted to underpin, and to influence, innovation. We conclude that problem solving is a valid experimental assay for studying innovation, propose a conceptual model of problem solving in which motor diversity plays a more central role than has been considered to date, and provide recommendations for future research using problem solving to investigate innovation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cognition in the wild. |
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0376-6357 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6556 |
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Rørvang, M.V.; Christensen, J.W.; Ladewig, J.; McLean, A. |
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Title |
Social Learning in Horses--Fact or Fiction? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2018 |
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Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
Abbreviated Journal |
Front. Vet. Sci. |
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5 |
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212 |
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Prima facie, the acquisition of novel behaviors in animals through observation of conspecifics seems straightforward. There are, however, various mechanisms through which the behavior of animals can be altered from observing others. These mechanisms range from simple hard-wired contagious processes to genuine learning by observation, which differ fundamentally in cognitive complexity. They range from social facilitation and local enhancement to true social learning. The different learning mechanisms are the subject of this review, largely because research on learning by observation can be confounded by difficulties in interpretation owing to the looming possibility of associative learning infecting experimental results. While it is often assumed that horses are capable of acquiring new behavior through intra-species observation, research on social learning in horses includes a variety of studies some of which may overestimate the possession of higher mental abilities. Assuming such abilities in their absence can have welfare implications, e.g. isolating stereotypical horses on the assumption that these behaviors can be learned though observation by neighboring horses. This review summarizes the definitions and criteria for the various types of social transmission and social learning and reviews the current documentation for each type in horses with the aim of clarifying whether horses possess the ability to learn through true social learning. As social ungulates, horses evolved in open landscapes, exposed to predators and grazing most of the day. Being in close proximity to conspecifics may theoretically offer an opportunity to learn socially, however anti-predator vigilance and locating forage may not require the neural complexity of social learning. Given the significant energetic expense of brain tissue, it is likely that social facilitation and local enhancement may have been sufficient in the adaptation of equids to their niche. As a consequence, social learning abilities may be maladaptive in horses. Collectively, the review proposes a novel differentiation between social transmission (social facilitation, local and stimulus enhancement) and social learning (goal emulation, imitation). Horses are undoubtedly sensitive to intra-species transfer of information but this transfer does not appear to satisfy the criteria for social learning, and thus there is no solid evidence for true social learning in horses. |
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2297-1769 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6558 |
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Schwartz, L.P.; Silberberg, A.; Casey, A.H.; Kearns, D.N.; Slotnick, B. |
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Does a rat release a soaked conspecific due to empathy? |
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2017 |
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Animal Cognition |
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Anim. Cogn. |
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20 |
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2 |
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299-308 |
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In Experiment 1, rats choosing in an E maze preferred to release a rat standing in a pool of water to dry ground over a rat already standing on dry ground. Five additional experiments showed that the choosing rat's preference for releasing the wet rat was maintained by two separable outcomes: (1) the social contact offered by the released rat and (2) the reinforcing value of proximity to a pool of water. These results call into question Sato et al.'s (Anim Cogn 18:1039-1047, 2015) claim to have demonstrated that a rat's releasing of a wet rat to dry ground is empathically motivated. |
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1435-9456 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ Schwartz2017 |
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6559 |
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Author |
Nakagawa, S. |
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Title |
A farewell to Bonferroni: the problems of low statistical power and publication bias |
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2004 |
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Behavioral Ecology |
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beheco |
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15 |
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6 |
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1044-1045 |
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1045-2249 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6560 |
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Custance, D.; Whiten, A.; Fredman, T. |
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Title |
Social learning of an artificial fruit task in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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113 |
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1 |
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13-23 |
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Social learning in 11 human-raised capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) was investigated using an artificial fruit that was designed as an analogue of natural foraging problems faced by primates. Each subject observed a human model open each of 3 principal components on the fruit in 1 of 2 alternative ways (“morphs”). The capuchin monkeys reproduced, to differing extents, the alternative techniques used for opening 1 component of the task (poking vs. pulling while twisting out a pair of smooth plastic bolts) but not the other 2. From the subjects' actions on the bolt latch, independent coders could recognize which morph they had witnessed, and they observed a degree of matching to the demonstrator's act consistent with simple imitation or object movement reenactment (A learns from watching B how an object, or parts of an object, move). Thus, these capuchins were capable of more complex social learning than has been recently ascribed to monkeys. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6563 |
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Dorey, N.R.; Conover, A.M.; Udell, M.A.R. |
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Interspecific communication from people to horses (Equus ferus caballus) is influenced by different horsemanship training styles |
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2014 |
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Journal of Comparative Psychology, |
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J. Comp. Psychol. |
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128 |
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4 |
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337-342 |
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The ability of many domesticated animals to follow human pointing gestures to locate hidden food has led to scientific debate on the relative importance of domestication and individual experience on the origins and development of this capacity. To further explore this question, we examined the influence of different prior training histories/methods on the ability of horses (Equus ferus caballus) to follow a momentary distal point. Ten horses previously trained using one of two methods (Parelli™ natural horsemanship or traditional horse training) were tested using a standard object choice task. The results show that neither group of horses was initially able to follow the momentary distal point. However, after more experience with the point, horses previously trained using the Parelli natural horsemanship method learned to follow momentary distal points significantly faster than those previously trained with traditional methods. The poor initial performance of horses on distal pointing tasks, coupled with the finding that prior training history and experimental experience can lead to success on this task, fails to support the predictions of the domestication hypothesis and instead lends support to the two-stage hypothesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6564 |
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Author |
Zajonc, R.B. |
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Social Facilitation |
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1965 |
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Science |
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Science |
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149 |
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3681 |
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269-274 |
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300 Multiple ChoicesThis is a pdf-only article and there is no markup to show you.full-text.pdf |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6565 |
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Galef, B.G. |
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Enduring social enhancement of rats' preferences for the palatable and the piquant |
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1989 |
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Appetite |
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Appetite |
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13 |
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2 |
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81-92 |
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In three experiments on the social induction of food preferences in rats, I found: (a) that eight 30-min exposures of a naive “observer” rat to a “demonstrator” rat fed one of two approximately equipalatable diets produced observer preference for the diet fed to its demonstrator that lasted for more than a month, (b) that simple exposure of naive subjects to a diet itself, rather than to a rat that had eaten a diet, was not sufficient to enhance preference for that diet, and (c) that lasting preference for an unpalatable, piquant diet could also be established by exposing naive rats to demonstrators that had eaten the piquant diet, but not by simply exposure to the piquant diet itself. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis proposed by both Birch and Rozin that social-affective contexts are important in establishing stable, learned preferences for foods. |
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0195-6663 |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6567 |
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Lesimple, C.; Sankey, C.; Richard, M.-A.; HAUSBERGER, M. |
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Title |
Do Horses Expect Humans to Solve Their Problems? |
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2012 |
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Frontiers in Psychology |
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Front. Psychol. |
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3 |
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306 |
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Domestic animals are highly capable of detecting human cues, while wild relatives tend to perform less well (e.g. responding to pointing gestures). It is suggested that domestication may have led to the development of such cognitive skills. Here, we hypothesized that because domestic animals are so attentive and dependant to humans' actions for resources, the counter effect may be a decline of self sufficiency, such as individual task solving. Here we show a negative correlation between the performance in a learning task (opening a chest) and the interest shown by horses towards humans, despite high motivation expressed by investigative behaviours directed at the chest. If human-directed attention reflects the development of particular skills in domestic animals, this is to our knowledge the first study highlighting a link between human-directed behaviours and impaired individual solving task skills (ability to solve a task by themselves) in horses. |
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Equine Behaviour @ team @ |
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6568 |
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